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中 南 大 学CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文题 目 英语词缀记忆法刍议 题目类别 语 言 类 学生姓名 刘 丽 娜 考 籍 号 250610200001 学 校 娄底职业技术学院 联系电话完成时间 2013-9-17 MY MEAGER OPINION ON ENGLISH AFFIX MEMORY METHODbyLiu Lina(250610200001)October 2013School of Foreign LanguagesHunan Normal UniversityAcknowledgementsHere and now, I extend my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me make this thesis possible and better. First, and most importantly, highest appreciation goes to my honorable supervisor, Dr. Liu Yan, who have checked through my thesis with enormous patience and given me insightful suggestions, and whose way of conducting academic studies with rigor subconsciously affects me and will guide me in my future study. And it has been a great privilege and pleasure to learn from him.Thanks also to the teachers and professors who have taught me over the past three years of college study. My heartfelt thanks go to Profs. Deng Haiyan, Shao Xiang, and Liu Yan and other teachers whose courses have enlightened me in one way or another. ContentsAbstract摘要Introduction1Chapter 1 The characteristics and classification of the affix.31.1 The characteristics of the affix11.2 Affix the whole classification11.2.1Prefix.11.2.2Suffix1Chapter 2 Semantic feature of affix12.1 Common prefix table12.2 Common suffixes table2Chapter 3 The implementation of several principles of affixation memory method23.1 From familiar words to introduce new words，inspire students to think.23.2 From specific to general, lead the students to sum up .23.3 With Ai Binhaos forgetting curve as the basis, pay attention to knowledge reproduction rate.23.4 Advancing with the times, constantly added new English words.2Conclusion1Bibliography1 AbstractFor vocabulary memory and forgetting the contradiction, the author tried to use the affix word formation analysis, study the structure of the English vocabulary, find out the word internal structure and contact law, and summarizes the form law and characteristics of help correct comprehension, vocabulary, and flexible use of the affix word formation of deconstruction learned words, to further consolidate and expand vocabulary. We must, therefore, in the process of learning and memory of English vocabulary, to seek the scientific method to solve the memory and forgetting the contradiction effectively and conveniently memory vocabulary, deepen vocabulary learning. There are two kinds of English affix word formation, add on or before the root word affix name prefix, and in subsequent affix name suffix. Prefix, in general, only change the meaning, rarely change the part of speech, meaning and suffix changes not only also change the parts of speech. Key words: English affix, memory method, affix word formation .摘 要词汇是构筑语言的基本材料,词汇在语言交际中起着非常重要的作用。英国语言学Wilkins就曾经说过：“Withoutgrammar,alittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabulary,nothingcanbeconveyed.”对于英语学习者来说，词汇量的大小直接影响到其掌握和运用该语言的熟练程度。只有具备了一定的词汇量，才能更好地发展听、说、读、写、译等其他基本技能。此外，词汇在语言发展中也起着非常重要的作用。据统计，英语作为世界上词汇最丰富的语言，其词汇已经远远超过了200万个。而语言是随着社会的发展而发展的，英语词汇正以每年至少850个新词的速度增加。根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线原理，记忆与遗忘交叉于人的记忆过程之中。所以，我们必须在学习和记忆英语词汇的过程中，寻求科学的记忆方法来解决记忆与遗忘这对矛盾，有效便捷地记忆词汇，深化词汇学习。正文：单词、词素的定义单词是语言中最小的自由形式。而词素是语言中最小的意义单位或元素。关键词：英语词缀，记忆法，词缀构词. .IntroductionVocabulary is the one of the three basic elements of language (pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar), is the building materials of language. If you have not enough vocabulary, you can not communicate and exchange effectively. United Kingdom linguists Wilkins said: Withoutgrammar,alittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabulary,nothingcanbeconveyed. American writer and educator, Mr. L. RonHubbars”s educational theory thought that the most important factor of influencing language understanding and application is vocabulary .The Affix Memory Method is a way of using affixes and its semantic features to remember words. This method can infer other things from one fact and comprehend by analogy. It is more easy and firm to memorize English words. It can help students to understand the related vocabulary etymology and culture connotation. In addition, the vocabulary in the development of language also plays a very important role. According to statistics, English as the worlds most abundant vocabulary language, its vocabulary is far more than the 2 million. The language is developed with the development of the society, English vocabulary is increasing at an annual rate of at least 850 new words. According to the principle of ebbinghaus forgetting curve, of memory and forgetting across the memory process. In the process of evolution history of the development of the English language, affix word formation plays a positive role which cannot be ignored. According to statistics, affix method generated word to 30% 40% of the total number of new words, it not only expands the English vocabulary, also enrich the external form of language. Affix word-formation memory, can be used to the largest extent, help English learners to understand and memorize words, and can quickly and effectively expand their vocabulary. If English learners can find out the rule and character of affix combination, and apply the rule to master and apply the practice of the English vocabulary. They can be further scientific and quickly recognize and remember vocabulary. Using the first method of roots and affixes memory English words can improve the efficiency of word memory, but is only applicable to memory more uncommon words. For common words without root, this method was worthless. . 1.Chapter1The Characteristics and Classification of the Affix. 1.1 The Characteristics of the Affix Affixes are bound morpheme, compose means “adhesion” by itself. Affix also means fasten to. Affixes are not the main carrier of meaning, but which is tectonic vocabulary force. Can only attach to form neologisms in the root morpheme, it itself does not constitute a word alone. Adhere to affix in front of the root is known as the prefix, adhere to the affix is called suffix behind the root, insert in the middle of the root affixation called infix. Prefix, infix and suffix is clung onto the root of additional ingredients, so they are also known as before after add ingredients, add ingredients and add ingredients. Such as rats, tiger in the old; Writer, scientists in the home. 1.2 Affix the whole classificationAffixes are divided into inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes add in a behind, impart different grammatical relations or grammatical category. Derivational affixes are added in back of stem to form a new word. This method of constitutes called derivation method, which is called a derivational words. A derivational affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes according to its position of words. Affix word formation and word memory, English can be a stem (word stem) as the core, with the prefix (prefix and suffix (suffix) in different combinations to derive new words. Common combination can be summarized as the following: Low prefix + stem prefix prefix (discover) * 2 + 1 + stem (rediscover) low stem + suffix (soften) low stem + suffix (softener) low prefix + 1 + suffix 2 stem + suffix (discovery) -vice prefix + stem + suffix. In general, affix is active or not can determine tightness of affix and stem. Inactive affix and stems often to have the most closely, and active affix is relatively far from the stem. The classification of the affix according to the part of speech, a noun affix, adjective affixes, affix to affix verbs and adverbs. The classification of the affix according to the part of speech, a noun affix, adjective affix, verbs and adverbs affix. 1. Constitute the adjective suffixes (1) - able, such as fashionable, comfortable and so on. (2) - al, such as economical, himself, etc. 2. The form of adverb suffixes (1) - ly, such as happily, stupidly, etc. (2) - wise, such as money - wise. 3. A verb suffixes (1) - considering, modernize, institutionalize (2) - en, wait like blacken. 4. A noun suffix (1) - or, as called, actor, etc. (2) - anee, such as appearance, perseverance, etc. Affix meaning English affix has two characteristics: the characteristics of polysemy and synonymy. Politely, refers to the same affix may have many meanings. Suffix - ship, for example: (1) the state of being, status, identity, position: friendship, ownership, Professorship. (2) proficiency and skill skills, skills: musicianship scholarship. Synonymy, refers to two or more than two class have the same meaning. Such as the prefix UN -, -, in (at P, m) before im -. Il - (in front of the letter l), (with) in front of the letter r ir -, non - and dis -, mis, and so on all can be placed in front of adjectives, said no meaning.1.2.1 Prefix. According to prefix meaning can be divided into the following eight: Negative prefix. Un-, in- and dis- both can be used in adjectives, express negative meaning. For instance, untidy不整齐, unstoppable不可阻挡, incorrect不正确, improper不适当, illogical不合逻辑, irregular不规则, dishonest不诚实。Another negative prefix non-, for the adjective and the noun, means no. For example, nonfree a.没有自由, nonperson n.毫无地位、微不足道的人等。 Antisense prefix. Un- added to the front of verbs or nouns , said “opposite action or release .For example, unpack除去;De- used in the front of a verb or abstract noun ,said removed. For example ,de-egulate撤销的管制. Contempt prefix. Mis-, to construct verbs, means wrong or fall into a wrong path of .For example ,misunderstand错误地理解, mislead领错路,使人误解,miscalculate算错,错误地估计。Mal- means Evil or bad. For instance, mal-treat虐待,malnutrition营养不良等。 Degree prefix. Super- to construct nouns, adjectives and verbs, means beyond”. For example, supermarket超市; superspeed超高速,superpower超级大国, superman超人。 Attitude prefix. Anti-, to construct nouns or adjectives, means against. For example anti-war反对战争, anticancer抗癌症,anti-social反社会。 Pro- means yes .For example, pro-European赞成西欧洲一体化, pro-American亲美的, pro-Communist亲共的。Counter- means against, for example, counter-revolution革命, counter-charge反诉,倒打一耙示。Re- means back, for example, react反作用, resist抵抗等。 Location prefix. Inter- means .between , for instance, international国际的。Sub- means “ under”, for example, subway地铁道。Super means .above , for instance ,superstructure上层建筑。 Time and order prefix. Ex- located in the front of noun, means “before.For instance, ex-wife前妻, ex-husband前夫, ex-serviceman退伍军人。Fore- used in the front of verbs and abstract noun, means before. For instance, foresee,预见,预知.Pre - before”, such as prenatal出生前的.Post - .after, such as post-war战后的。 Quantity prefix. Express numeral prefix ,“ semi-, emi-, demi-, uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly, centi-和milli-。”1.2.2 Suffix .Suffixes are divided into four categories: noun suffix , verbs, adjectives and adverbs suffix . Noun suffix .Some suffixes are added in the behind of nouns to form abstract nouns. Like -hood, means period, for instance ,childhood意为童年时期; -Ship means nature, for instance, relationship表示关系;In addition some adjectives into nouns. -ist can be used to a person noun, for instance ,communist表示共产党员。Finally a noun suffix to verbs converted into nouns, er, - ee, - ation and - ment. -er is used to constitute a person noun suffix, with almost every verb noun. For instant teacher and player。 Verb suffix.Verb Suffixes include - ify, - ize, - en. -ify form of the verb with a causative meaning, Simplify said simplified. ize and -ify is probably the same, expressed through the new equipment and technology that makes something more suitable for now, modernization表现代化。 Adjective suffix.In Contemporary English has many adjective suffixes, one of the most commonly used with - able, - ful. Able will be mainly used in the transformation of verb is an adjective, meaning to or worth it. Like the movable-可移动的.In addition there are some adjective suffixes, such as - less, - y, - ish, - ed, - al ic and -ous. Adverb suffix.Adverb suffix only three, - ly, - ward, and - wise (s).-Ly for adjectives, which means the side: in some way, for instant , happily意为快乐地。-Ward (s) is usually attached to the preposition, adverb verb form.Said pointing to its moving direction. For example, backwards - 向后.. .4. .7.Chapter2Semantic feature of affixAffixes and words have different tunes rendered with equal skills in the syntactic and semantic features. Affixes can express the rich and colorful meaning; affixes also have difference of speech, voice and gender. But the structure of affix is quite different words. Affixes are bound morphemes, which lack of independence and can only serve as one part of the word. However, the affix has powerful productivity and can be derived from the large number of neologisms. Therefore, we should understand the characteristics of English affix, master the patterns of word-formation and remember common productive affixes. It is useful to enlarge your vocabulary and solve the problems of English words. To sum up, at the following of the common Prefixes and suffixes table will list: 2.1 Common prefix table : Table1Prefixes:meanings co-,com-,con- , col-, cor-together, withIn-, im-in, into, on.8.in-, im-, il-，ir-notmacro-big, largemicro-,mini-smallpre-beforere-,retro-backward; back; behind, again Table2Prefixesmeanings super-above, greater thanante-beforecircum-aroundcontra-,anti-againstinter-betweenintro-,intra-withinpast-aftertrans-acrosssub-, suc-,sup-under, behind Table3Prefixesmeanings .9.non-no, nota-,an-No, without, lackingun-no, notbene-wellbi-twomis-Wrongly, hate, hatredmono-One, alonepoly-manysyn-,sym-With, together Table4Prefixesmeanings multi-manysemi-halftri-threeultra-beyonduni-onedec-tendis-not.10. 2.2 Common suffixes table :Table1Suffixes -er; -or; -arone who-tion; -ationcondition, the act of-able,-ible; -blecapable of, fit of-lessno, not, without-ous; -ious;-osedown from, away, off Table2Suffixes -ic,-alrelating to; having the nature of-ism,-istact on or practice ;state or condition-oidlike; resembling-istone who-atemake-enmake-fymake-izemake.11. .12.Chapter3.The implementation of several principles of affixation memory method.3.1 From familiar words to introduce new words，inspire students to think. At the beginning of students have small vocabulary; teachers should try their best to expand students vocabulary in the basic of their familiar words, step by step, many a little make a mickle. And teachers should use a variety of ways to inspire students to think. For example: interview to the students is a familiar word, the teacher can tell the students that the inter means mutual, interaction, inside, and between”. Through the teacher distribute teach the meaning of the prefix inter - and the suffix view, let the students to better understand the prefix inter -.Then the teacher can let the students to associate with the words of prefix of inter.13. -freely. Teachers can also help students to think by the way of giving them Chinese meaning. For example, teachers can ask students to 国际的 should be how to express. On the one hand, the students can understand deeply with the prefix inter - , on the other hand teachers can help strengthen students ability of word-formation. The teachers can through this way to introduce more containing the prefix of relatively simple words. When the students master this prefix very strong, teachers can continue to expand some relatively difficult vocabulary. After students master certain affixes, teachers can also guide the students to write out other variants about these words . Can not remember the word for an English learner feel like can not make bricks without straw, whether it is through a variety of examinations, or to improve their language skills, certain vocabulary is essential. In English learning, many students have spent much time in the words of memory, but always go out today to remember, forget tomorrow vicious circle, word memory into learning English killer, so that many students lost their interest and confidence in English learning. Whats the reason? Main memory method! Study of memory psychology have shown: rote, will inevitably lead to forgetting after the former record. The so-called English affix memory method, is to use peoples vocabulary, knowledge and experience, through the words in words, Lenovo, decomposition, combination, paraphrase, intermediary.14.and a series of methods of memory, remembering the new words with the familiar words, from the known to guide, with various human mind forget to fight the phenomenon, so as to help the students to expand vocabulary in large area. Traditional memory master letters for the unit, while the English logical memory rule with the word as the unit. In order to improve the students interest in learning English, to remember the slow and soon forgotten the boring traditional memory word change is a multi angle, multi orientation, multi lateral to the analysis of a specific vocabulary, find the minimum letter word, then by little and much or from multiple a