TPO 31 问题及答案.doc

1. ThewordpromotesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.describes.B.encourages.C.delays.D.requires.2. Accordingtoparagraph1,allopatricspeciationinvolveswhichofthe following?A.Thedivisionofapopulationintosubspecies.B.Thereunitingofseparatedpopulationsaftertheyhavebecomedistinct species.C.Themovementofapopulationtoanewhomeland.D.Theabsenceofgeneflowbetweensubpopulations.3.Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatthesubpopulationsof most speciesareseparatedfromeachotherbysomemeasurabledistance?A.Toindicatehowscientistsareabletodeterminewhethersubpopulationsofaspeciesareallopatric.B.Todefinewhatitmeansforagroupofanimalsorplantstobea subpopulation.C.Tosuggestthatallopatricspeciationisnottheonlyroutetosubpopulation.D.Tohelpexplainwhyallopatricspeciationisacommonwayfornewspeciestocomeabout.4.ThewordaccumulateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.Becomemoresignificant.B.Occurrandomly.C.Graduallyincreaseinnumber.D.Causechanges.5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionthatsomeinsectpopulationswere separatedfromeachotherbyachangeinthecourseofMississippiRivercausedbyan earthquake?A.Tomakethepointthatsomekindofphysicalbarrierseparatesthe subpopulationsofmost species.B.Tosupporttheclaimthattheconditionofallopatrycansometimesariseinashorttime.C.Toprovideanexampleofasituationinwhichgeneflowamongthesubpopulationsofaspecieshappensataslowrate.D.ToexplainwhyinsectslivingalongoppositeshoresoftheMississippiRiverareverydifferentfromeachother.6.Accordingtoparagraph3，separationofsubpopulationsbyglaciersresultedinspeciationinthosegroupsofplantsandanimalsthatA.werereproductivelyisolatedevenaftertheglaciersdisappeared.B.hadadjustedtotheoldconditionscausedbytheglaciers.C.wereabletosurvivebeingseparatedfromtheirparentpopulation.D.hadexperiencedsomegeneticdivergencesfromtheirparentpopulation.7.ThewordcolossalinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.consistent.B.gradual.C.enormous.D.effective.8.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofthegeologicmovementsthatbroughtabouttheIsthmusofPanama?A.Themovementsbroughtpopulationsofcertainfishesandmarineorganismsintocontactwithoneanotherforthefirsttime.B.ThemovementstransferredpopulationsoffishesandothermarineanimalsbetweenthePacificandAtlanticOceans.C.ThemovementscreatedconditionsthatallowedwatertoflowmorefreelybetweenthePacificandAtlanticOceans.D.Themovementscreatedconditionsfortheformationofnewspeciesoffishesandothermarineanimals.9.ThewordsequenceinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.quality.B.order.C.function.D.number.10.Accordingtoparagraph5,bycomparingtheenzymesfromtworelatedgroupsoffishesonoppositesidesoftheisthmus,GravesfoundevidencethatA.therewereslightgeneticdivergencesbetweenthetwogroups.B.theAtlanticgroupoffishesweredescendedfromthePacificgroupoffishes.C.thetemperatureofwateroneithersideoftheisthmushadchanged.D.geneticchangesintheAtlanticgroupoffishesweremorerapidandfrequentthaninthePacificgroupoffishes.11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5and6thatthereasonGravesconcludedthatsomeofthedifferencesbetweenthePacificandAtlanticenzymeswerenotrandomwasthatA.eachofthePacificenzymesworksbetterincoolerwaters.B.theEnzymesoftheAtlanticfishpopulationshadnotchangedsincetheformationoftheIsthmusofPanama.C.gelelectrophoresisshowedthatthechangesbenefitedboththeAtlanticandthePacificfishpopulations.D.thedifferencesbetweentheenzymesdisappearedwhenthetwofishpopulationswereexperimentallyswitchedtoothersideoftheisthmus.12.Whichofthesentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Gravessstudyprovidesevidencethatisthmusfishesareintheprocessofbecominggeographicallyisolated.B.Gravessstudyofmutatingisthmusfishesyieldsresultsthatdifferfromresultsofotherstudiesinvolvingallopatricspeciation.C.GravessstudyofisolatedpopulationsofisthmusfishesprovidessomeevidencethatallopatricspeciationmightbebeginningD.Gravesstudyindicatesthatwhenisolated,populationsofisthmusfishedregisterneutraloradaptivemutations.13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Theformationoftheisthmushadimportantconsequencesforglobalpatternsofoceanwaterflow.AllopatricspeciationcanalsobebroughtbytheimperceptiblyslowbutcolossalmovementsofthetectonicplatesthatmakeupEarthssurface. 【A】About5millionyearsagosuchgeologicmovementscreatedthelandbridgebetweenNorthAmericaandSouthAmericathatwecalltheIsthmusofPanama.Theformationoftheisthmushadimportantconsequencesforglobalpatternsofoceanwaterflow. 【B】Whilepreviouslythegapbetweenthecontinentshadallowedafreeflowofwater,nowtheisthmuspresentedabarrierthatdividedtheAtlanticOceanfromthePacificOcean. 【C】Thisdivisionsetthestageforallopatricspeciationamongpopulationsoffishesandothermarinespecies. 【D】14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageis providedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthat expressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthe summarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassagesorare minorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.All opatricspeciationtakesplacewhenphysicallyseparatedpopulationsofasinglespecies graduallydivergegeneticallytothepointofbecomingunabletointerbreedA.Allopatricspeciationiscommonbecausethegeneflowbetweensubpopulationsisgenerally limitedandthebarriersthatcompletelyseparatesubpopulationscanariseinavarietyof ways.B.Duringpasticeages,some,butnotall,subpopulationsseparatedbyglaciersevolvedinto distinctspecies.C.Speciationdoesnotneedtotakeplacethroughallopatrybecause subpopulationswillform distinctspecieswheneverthereareadaptiveadvantagesornotD.Physicalbarriersfromglaciersandthemovementoftectonicplatesformsoslowlythatthe subpopulationsoneithersideofthebarriersusuallydonotformdistinct species.E.GravessstudyoffishpopulationsseparatedbytheIsthmusofPanamamaywellprovideapictureofthebeginningstagesofspeciation.F.Gravessstudyofphysicallyseparatedfishpopulationsshowthattheremustbelarge differencesbetweentheenvironmentsoftheisolatedpopulationsifallopatricspeciationisto takeplace.1. promote本身是促进的意思。另外原文这个句子意思是subpopulations间的物理分割.了新物种的形成，A描 述，B促使，C减弱，D要求。 所以B最合适的。2.根据allopatric进行定位，可定位至本段的最后一句。最后一句是对前面现象的一个命名和定义。也就是说前 面的内容，就是allopatry的意 思。A与原文不附，原文说的 是物理barrier把population分割成subpopulation，B也不对， 对应Eventually这句。C原文没提到。D正确，对应从Intheabsence开始到最后。3.高亮句前面的一句话，也就是本段的第一句（主旨句），allopatry是mainspeciationroute。本段都是围绕着这个主题来进行的。所以选择D。4.词汇所在句说群落间基因的区别开始accumulate。Eventually对理解这个词很有 帮助，也就是说是渐渐发展的，才能说最终。所以答案在A，C之间。但因为这里强调了缓慢的过 程，gradually更合适。5.Forexample后面就是题目中的内容，那么也就是说作者用此作为例子来支持前 面的观点。而前面的观点是barriers也有可能突然发生，然后截断了这种trickle。所以对应的是B。6.根据Glaciers和plantsandanimals定位，可得知这是glacierseparation导致的结果。所以对应选项A。7.Colossal本身是巨大的， 非常的意思，这里对应C选项。分析原文也可以得到正确答案，与colossal并列的词汇是slow，中间的逻辑关系词 是but,证明两者有转折关系。再经过推断，缓慢的过程但量 大的话就足以发生巨大的改变。所以选C。8.根据IsthmusofPanama定位。从About开始。本段的 最后一句说了isthmusofPanama带来的结果，对应了D选项。9.高亮词所在句提到了氨基酸，酶，pairs这些话题，其实就是在说成对的基因，胶体电泳分析揭示了少量的氨基酸的不同。A质量，C功能，D数量都不对，应该选择B顺序。10.跟上面一题对应的位置是一样的。或者可以根据Gravesfound定位，阅读后面的部分可得出答案A。11.A对应了标注句子，B明显错误，文章一直在说改变。C文章提到gelelectrophoresis的地方只是说氨基酸的顺序改变，但没说bothbenefited。D文章也没提到。12.原文高亮句翻译为：格雷夫斯关于地峡鱼类地域隔离的种群研究为中性或适应性突变的逐渐累积过程的开始提供了一些线索，这里的差异可能会给正在进行的异域性物种的形成提供证据。所以主干部分为.的研究为.的开始提供了线索，对应C。13.要插入的句子提到了formationoftheisthmus，那么证明句子前面的内容中己经出现了isthmus，而后面则是 要说明consequences。第二个空符合逻辑，所以选择B。14.ABE1.Accordingtoparagraphl,parentsinJapan tendtothinkofpreschoolprimarilyasaplace wherechildrencanA.getagoodacademicstart.B.expandtheiremotionaldevelopment.C.becomemoreindependent.D.experiencebeingpartofagroup.2.ThewordWhereasinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.Although.B.Because.C.Moreover.D.Already.3.ThewordfocusinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.consider.B.respect.C.concentrate.D.advise.4.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thattheHeadStartprogramwasdesignedtoservechildrenwhoA.comefromfamiliesthatdonothavealotofmoney.B.arenotdoingverywellinkindergarten.C.wereborninthe1950s.D.needprogramsthatfocusprimarilyonsocialandemotionalfactors.5.Accordingtoparagraph3,theHeadStartprogramhadNOTbeen successfulatwhich ofthefollowing?A.Helpingchildrenadjusttoschool.B.Providinglong-termincreaseinIQscores.C.Improvingschoolperformancethroughouthighschool.D.Preventingchildrenfrombeingplacedinspecial-educationclasses.6.Inparagraph4，theauthormentionstheresultsfromothertypesofreadiness programstoA.providesupportfortheideathatpreschoolreadinessprogramshavebeen somewhat successful.B.questiontheideathatHeadStartismoreeffectivethanotherpreschool readiness programs.C.indicateschoolcompletionisusuallythemostreliableindicatorof successinmost readinessprograms.D.emphasizethatparticipationinreadinessprogramscanbeincreasedif costsarereduced.7.Accordingtoparagraph4,acost-benefitanalysisofonepreschool readiness programrevealedthatA.onlyonedollarsworthofbenefitwasgainedforeverysevendollarsspentontheprogram.B.thebenefitsoftheprogramlastedonlyuntiltheparticipantsreachedage 27. C. taxpayers savedsevendollarsforeverydollarsspentontheprogram.D.tobesuccessful,theprogramwouldneedtoreceiveaboutseventimesasmuchmoneyasitcurrentlyreceives.8. ThewordcomprehensiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA. easilyunderstood.B. thorough.C. respectable.D. objective.9.Paragraph5mentionsthatparticipantsinearlyintervention programshavebeen showntodoallofthefollowingbetterthannonparticipantsEXCEPTA.Takecareoftherehealth.B.Supportthemselvesfinancially.C.Takecareoftheirownchildren.D.Haveincreasedemotionaldevelopment.10.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthebenefitsofearlyinterventionprograms?A.Theseprogramsproducegoodshort-termbenefitsbutfewlong-term benefits.B.Onlythemostexpensiveprogramsprovidesubstantialbenefits.C.TheHeadStartprogramprovidesarangeofbenefitsthatnoother programcanprovide.D.Somechildrenbenefitmorethanothersdofromtheseprograms.11.ThewordseekinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.claim.B.manage.C.fail.D.attempt.12.ThepassagementionsdevelopmentalpsychologistDavidElkind inordertoA.giveanexampleofanexpertwhohasdesignedaneffectiveearlychildhoodeducationprogram.B.introduceanalternativeviewaboutthevalueofearlychildhoodeducation.C.explainwhyearlychildhoodeducationprogramsarelesseffectiveinthe UnitedStatesthan inothercountries.D.refutetheclaimthatacademicsuccessisdependentonfactorsoutsideparentscontrol.13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?AccordingElkind,notonlydoesthiscausethechildemotional distress,italsofailstobringtheintendedcognitive gains.Noteveryoneagreesthatprogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskillsduringthepreschoolyearsareagoodthing. 【A】Infact,accordingtodevelopmentalpsychologistDavidElkind,UnitedStatessocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythattheybegintofeelstressand pressureatayoungage. 【B】Elkindarguesthatacademicsuccessislargelydependent uponfactorsoutofparentscontrol,suchasinheritedabilitiesandachilds rateofmaturation. 【C】Consequently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpectedtomaster educational materialwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitive development. 【D】ln short,childrenrequiredevelopmentappropriateeducationalpractice,whichiseducationthatisbasedonbothtypicaldevelopmentandtheunique characteristicsofagivenchild.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthe passageisprovidedbelow.Completethesummarybyselectingthe THREEanswerchoicesthat expressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthe summarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthe passagesorare minorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Preschoolprogramsprovideopportunitiesforyoungchildrento developsocially,emotionally,andcognitively.A.Inadditiontostressingacademicdevelopment,preschoolsshouldbe enjoyable,sincestudiesshowthatchildrenbenefitfromprogramstheyfind fun.B.PreschoolprogramssuchasHeadStarthavebeenshowntohelpprepare childrenforschoolandmayalsohavelong-teambenefitsinhelpingchildren becomeeffectiveadults.C.Studieshaveshownthatpreschoolprogramsaremosteffectivewhentheyfocusononlyoneareaofdevelopmentratherthantryingtoservethewholechild.D.Theprimarypurposeofpreschoolprogramsvariesbycountry,withsome stressingthe importanceofgroupexperience,andothersself-relianceorgettingagood academicstart.E.Criticsofpreschoolprogramsarguethattheseprogramsputundue pressureonchildrenandmaynotbeeffectiveofchildrenarenot developmentallyreadyforacademicwork.F.DavidElkindisacriticofpublicityfundedpreschoolprograms,arguing thattheparent cannotcontroltheirchildrensemotionaldevelopment.1. 根据题目中ParentsinJapan，定位可直接得到答案D。2.这里对比了Chinese和Japanese家长之间的差别，所以A最合适。3.focus是集中的意思， 另外这里和focus配合的介词是on，concentrate也用on，所以这里帮助推断。4.根据HeadStart定位， 后面的内容就是对HeadStart这个program的介绍，首先是I960年开始的，和C矛盾， 然后说是在US宣布了WaronPoverty(贫穷）的时候，所以是为穷人设计的，符合A。B没提到，D在这段的开头提到了，但是不是针对HeadStart的描述，HeadStart目标 是wholechild，德智体美劳全面发展。5.只有B不对应，其他的几个选项根据后文中的内容都是正确的。6.利用resultsofreadinessprograms定位到本段第一句，本句内容：参加这些program留级的可能性小，而且还能省钱，所以选A。7.A改变了原文意思，B文章没说只到27,D和原文意思正好相反。8.comprehensive是全面的，综合的意思，使用代入法，A最易懂的，B完整的，C值得尊敬的，D客观的 中，AC可以排除，不通顺，B和D之间就需要理解comprehensive的词意来确定。9.根据关键词定位至Forinstance开始的内容，其中不包括C。10.A对应 reductioninfuturecosts证明是longterm的benefit，所以A错误。B对应 less-expensiveprogramsarejustasgoodasrelativelyexpensiveones说明便宜和贵的一样好，B选项也不对。C没提到。D对应noteverychildbenefitedtothesameextent，正确。11.seek本身是寻找，追求的意思。A是要求，B是设法，管理，C是失败，D是尝试，所以D最合适。12.关键词对应后，根据本段的第一句，Elkind是作为反面观点的例子出现的，所以是为了阐述另外一面的观点，选B。13.要插入的句子中有notonly，also的结构，那么起到的就是承上启下的作用。句子前面一定出现emotionaldistress的内容，后面要引出的就是intendedcognitivegains的相关内容，所以选B。14.BDE1.Thewordprolongedinthepassageis closestinmeaningtoA.predictable.B.destructive.C.lengthy.D.unproductive.2.Inparagraph2，theauthormentionssavannasinCentralAmerica,Brazil,andthe islandofTrinidadinordertoA.arguethatthesesavannasaresimilartothoseinSouthAmericaandCuba.B.pointoutexceptionstothepatternofsavannaformationinareaswith droughtstress.C.provideadditionalexamplesofsavannasinareaswithfive-to eight-monthwetseasons.D.indicateareaswheresavannasarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrainforests.3.Accordingtoparagraph3,rainforestsandsavannasdifferinthatA.thesoilsinrainforestscontainfewermineralsthansavannasoilsdo.B.savannasaffectsoilconditionsmorethanrainforestsdo.C.unlikerainforests,savannasprefersandy,well-drainedsoilstosoilsthat areverywet.D.unlikerainforests,savannasmaydevelopunderbothverydryandvery wetsoilconditions.4.ThewordnotablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.similarly.B.especially.C.usually.D.relatively.5.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueofsavanna soilsEXCEPTA.Theyhavehighconcentrationsofpotassium.B.Theycontainhighlevelsofaluminum.C.Theyareveryacidic.D.Theycontainlargeamountsofcertainoxideminerals.6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueof waterloggedsoils?A.Theirupperlayersareusuallysandyandporous.B.Theycannotsupportsavannas.C.Theycontainlittleoxygen.D.Theyarepronetotheleachingofnutrientsandminerals.7.Thefactthatpoorsoilscananddosupportlushrainforest suggeststhatA.poorsoilsalonemaynotbeenoughtoexplainwhyanareabecomesa savanna.B.rainforestvegetationcansignificantlylowerthequalityofsoils.C.droughtstressisthesinglemostimportantfactorinsavannaformation.D.mineralsaremoreimportantthanmoistureforthegrowthoftrees.8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessential informationinthe highlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethe meaningin importantwaysorleaveoutessentiali