职称英语_串讲班讲义(修订版).doc

职称英语等级考试及解题方法序言 1概述全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。该考试根据专业技术人员使用英语的实际情况，把考试的重点放在了阅读理解上面。全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50。三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。2职称英语等级考试的要求全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解能力。考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在两小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报B级的人员在两小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报C级的人员在两小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所 为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语词汇量、英语语法知识和阅读理解能力的要求分别如下： 词汇量 考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。对申报不同级别的应试者要求掌握的词汇量不等： 申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语； 申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语； 申报C级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。 需要指出的是，职称英语等级考试所涉及的词汇、短语主要根据本考试大纲所附的词汇表，在实际考试中，凡是超出大纲词汇表以外的词汇一般都给出中文意思。第一部分 2010年度全国职称英语等级考试试题、答案略。*第十八篇 Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics（B级）Most older people with so-called type II diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet s Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported.This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said.Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II, all more than60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2Associate Professor3 Dr. Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilization as the healthy non- exercising persons.This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes, 4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. At the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment, Dela was quoted as saying.6Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realize that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of9 the importance of exercise, Dela added.练习：1. How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin? 大多数II型老年糖尿病患者怎样能够不用注射胰岛素？ A By taking more salt than usual. 比平时食用更多的盐。 B By taking less salt than usual. 比平时食用更少的盐。 C By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week. 每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼。（正确答案） D By going climbing, swimming or boxing every day. 每天攀登，游泳或者打拳击。2. Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by体育锻炼能够将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高到_. A 70 per cent.70%B 30 per cent. 30%（正确答案） C 60 per cent.60%D only a few per cent.只有百分之几3. The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included肌肉研究中心的实验主题包括_. A elderly non-diabetic men.上了年纪的没有患糖B elderly type diabetic mere仅仅是上了年纪的第类糖尿病患者 C both sexes of all ages.所有人 D both A and B. A和B都正确 （正确答案）4. To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect? 为了达到理想的效果，锻炼需要达到什么程度？ A To the degree where they begin to sweat. 到达出汗的程度。（正确答案） B To the degree where they feel exhausted.到达感觉累的程度。 C To the point when they feel thirsty.到达他们感觉渴的程度。 D To the point when they have to take insulin.到达他们不得不消耗胰岛素的胰岛素。5. According to Deta, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is _the importance of watching their diet. 根据德拉医生的说法，在老年糖尿病患者看来，锻炼的重要性_.A as poorly understood as同样缺乏认识。B as well understood as同样充分认识。C less understood than更少的被认识到。（正确答案）D better understood than更好的被认识。词汇insulin /insjulin/ n.胰岛素diabetic /,daibetik/ adj.(患)糖尿病的; n.糖尿病患者diabetes /,daibi:ti:z/ n. 糖尿病；多尿症brisk /brisk/ adj. 轻快的；活泼的，活跃的Copenhagen /,kupnhein/ n. 哥本哈根（丹麦首都）muscle /msl/ n. 肌肉utilize(=utilize) /ju:tilaiz/ vt. 利用，使用medication /,medikein/ n. 药物，药物治疗subject /sbdikt/ n. 实验对象utilization(=utilization) /ju:tilaizein/ n. 利用，使用saying /seii/ n. 格言hormone /h:mun/ n. 激素pancreas /pnkris/ n. 胰（腺）注释1. be equal tp: 等于2. as a measure for how well their insulin worked: 作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。3. associate professor: 副教授4. cannot cure people of diabetes:不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sb.of sth.:给某人医治某病。例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold.这药准能治好你的感冒。5. put off: 推迟，延期6. Dela was quoted as saying: Dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。7. work up：逐步引起，激起8. wear off:逐渐消失9. (be) unaware of sth.: 不知道，没觉察可替换题目关键知识点：1. Most older people with so-called type II diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week大多数II型老年糖尿病患者只要每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼，每次30分钟，都可以不用注射胰岛素。2. Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet s Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported. 报道称，哥本哈根市中心医院Rigshopspitalet肌肉研究中心对糖尿病人进行测试，结果显示体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。3. After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked. 三个月后，医生测量出被试者肌肉能够利用的血糖总量，以此作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。4. Associate Professor Dr. Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilization as the healthy non- exercising persons. 肌肉研究中心副教授弗莱明德拉医生称，实验结果显示，进行体育锻炼的糖尿病患者胰岛素利用率和那些没有锻炼的健康人胰岛素利用率一样高。5. At the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment. 另外，即使患者不得不接受胰岛素治疗，体育锻炼也能尽量推迟这一临界点，甚至有可能完全避免实施胰岛素治疗。6. Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes. 胰岛素是胰腺分泌的一种激素，可以控制体内血糖，预防糖尿病。7. Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise. 德拉解释说，糖尿病患者只需锻炼到出汗的程度皆可达到理想的效果。同时他还强调，这种锻炼必须坚持，如果五天没有进行有效锻炼，效果就会消失。8. Most diabetics realize that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added. 德拉还补充说，大多数糖尿病患者意识到他们必须控制饮食，却忽略了体育锻炼的重要性。第十八篇 老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗（B级）哥本哈根的贝林时报周一刊登了一则最新医疗研究结果称，大多数II型老年糖尿病患者只要每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼，每次30分钟，都可以不用注射胰岛素。报道称，哥本哈根市中心医院Rigshopspitalet肌肉研究中心对糖尿病人进行测试，结果显示体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。据说，这一结果和大多数老年糖尿病患者每天接受胰岛素治疗的疗效相同。研究人员挑选了一组非糖尿病患者，一组II型糖尿病患者，都是60岁以上的男性。这些被试者每周骑自行车锻炼六次，并持续了三个月。三个月后，医生测量出被试者肌肉能够利用的血糖总量，以此作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。肌肉研究中心副教授弗莱明德拉医生称，实验结果显示，进行体育锻炼的糖尿病患者胰岛素利用率和那些没有锻炼的健康人胰岛素利用率一样高。“这就意味着，两组被试者的胰岛素都是正常工作的。体育锻炼不能治好患者的糖尿病，但是能最大限度地消除患者症状。另外，即使患者不得不接受胰岛素治疗，体育锻炼也能尽量推迟这一临界点，甚至有可能完全避免实施胰岛素治疗。”德拉医生的话像格言一样被人们所引用。胰岛素是胰腺分泌的一种激素，可以控制体内血糖，预防糖尿病。德拉解释说，糖尿病患者只需锻炼到出汗的程度皆可达到理想的效果。同时他还强调，这种锻炼必须坚持，如果五天没有进行有效锻炼，效果就会消失。德拉还补充说，大多数糖尿病患者意识到他们必须控制饮食，却忽略了体育锻炼的重要性。*第二十四篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment（B级）Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 510% of men report being Sexually abused as children, while25-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to1 emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls, burns and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behaveioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalizeation, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6练习：1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT _ according to the passage. 根据短文，_不是造成评估全球儿童虐待蔓延程度的原因。A child maltreatment is a global problem虐待儿童是一个全球性问题。B there is no exact data about low- and mid-income countries关于中低等收入的家庭没有数据统计。C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors由于缺乏一些低收入国家的精确数据。（正确答案）D different scientists use different research methods不同的科学家使用不同的研究方法。2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? 根据短文，_是正确的。A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.20%的女性在她们孩童时代遭受到性别歧视的虐待。B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused. 有25% 到50%的儿童曾经受到身体上的虐待。（正确答案）C 25-50% of children were psychologically abused. 有25% 到50%的儿童遭受过心理虐待。D 60-75% of children were neglected by their parents.有60%到75%的儿童被他们的父母所忽视。3. Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT _ according to the passage. 很多15岁以下儿童遭到谋杀都被错误的归类于以下类型，除了_一项不是。A drowning in swimming游泳溺水B diarrhea痢疾（正确答案）C bums烧死D falls摔落4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? 儿童遭到虐待造成的糟糕影响没有提到_。A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up. 当他长大以后，他会因为他童年的记忆而表现很糟糕。（正确答案）B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems.儿童受虐伤害了他们的神经系统和免疫系统。C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.儿童受虐影响了他的早期的大脑发育。D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood.孩子在成年后很容易得病。5. The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT _ according to the passage. 儿童遭到虐待经常要具备一些特征，除了_这一项。A they frequently and easily cry他们经常哭泣而且很容易就哭。B they are in infants or in adolescent period他们在婴儿时期或者在青春期。C they are often neglected by their parents or friends他们经常被他们的父母和朋友忽视。D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parent.他们经常会尽力满足父母的要求（正确答案）词汇maltreatment / n. 虐待consequence / n. 结局，结果prevalence / n. 流行approximately / adv.大约，大概abuse / vt.&n. 滥用；虐待homicide / n. 杀人attribute / vt. 归因于disruption / n. 扰乱impair / vt. 损害via / prep. 通过，用transmit / vt. 传染，传播likelihood / n. 可能性adolescent / n. 青春期之男孩或女孩persistently / adv.坚持地，持续地注释1. be subject to: 遭受2. be referred to as: 被当做3. be attributed to: 把归因于4. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.因此，那些曾被虐待的儿童，到了成人期，在行为、生理以及心理等方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致其出现心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。5. to blame for: 因怪罪，责怪（某人）6. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.有几个大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，如四岁以下或正处于青春期，被觉得是多余的，或者不能实现父母的愿望，有特殊要求，不停地哭闹或者身体有异常等。可替换题目关键知识点：1. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking.由于缺乏很多国家虐待儿童的数据，尤其是中低收入国家的数据，目前对于儿童虐待在全球蔓延的程度，我们还未能获得可靠的数据。2. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. 当前，各个国家大概的相关数据差别很大，而且使用的研究方法不同也会得出不同的估值。3. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5-10% of men report being Sexually abused as children, while25-50% of all children report being physically abused.但是，国际研究显示，大约有20%的女性和5%-10%的男性称自己在童年遭到性虐待，而所有儿童的25%-50%都称自己曾受肉体上的虐待。4. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning. 但是由于很大一部分由儿童虐待造成的死亡被错误地归因于坠楼、烧死或溺死，所以这一数据不能反映出这一问题真正的严重程度。5. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections. 通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病。6. Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalizeation, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs. 儿童虐待除了会造成健康问题，还会造成经济损失，包括住院费用、心理治疗费用、儿童福利和长期的医疗费用。7. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.不过，有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，这些特点包括：4岁以下或者处于青春期、不受欢迎、不能满足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常。第二十四篇 遏制虐待儿童现象（B级）虐待儿童是一个全球问题，它会严重影响儿童的一生。由于缺乏很多国家虐待儿童的数据，尤其是中低收入国家的数据，目前对于儿童虐待在全球蔓延的成都，我们还未能获得可靠的数据。虐待儿童的研究很复杂，很困难。当前，各个国家大概的相关数据差别很大，而且使用的研究方法不同也会得出不同的估值。但是，国际研究显示，大约有20%的女性和5%-10%的男性称自己在童年遭到性虐待，而所有儿童的25%-50%都称自己曾受肉体上的虐待。除此之外，很多儿童受到情感虐待（有时又成为心理虐待）。每年，有大约31,000名15岁以下儿童遭到谋杀，但是由于很大一部分由儿童虐待造成的死亡被错误地归因于坠楼、烧死或溺死，所以这一数据不能反映出这一问题真正的严重程度。虐待儿童会给儿童和其家人带来持久的伤痛。虐待会造成压力，而压力会干扰儿童早期的大脑发育。高度压力会损伤神经和免疫系统的发育。之后，儿童长大成人，但是他们在行为、生理以及心理方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病。儿童虐待除了会造成健康问题，还会造成经济损失，包括住院费用、心理治疗费用、儿童福利和长期的医疗费用。人们已经明确了造成儿童被虐待的大量风险因素。并不是所有的社会文化背景都包含这些风险因素，但是至少停工了一个风险因素概况，可以帮助理解儿童被虐待的成因。有一点很重要，需要强调：儿童是受害者，而且绝不应该怪他们。不过，有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，这些特点包括：4岁以下或者处于青春期、不受欢迎、不能满足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常。+第三十四篇 Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance（A级）The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in 7he Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost/all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3 (antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical industry, and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in m