高考英语书面表达.doc

高考英语书面表达（山东卷）第一节：五大得分关键点“知彼知己，百战不殆”先要弄清阅卷老师的特点：时间紧、工作量大，无法认真读文章，只能对少量信息留下印象并据此评分！阅卷老师的五大敏感点：1、卷面2、分段3、句子（单词、语法）4、过渡5、内容一、内容“内容定档，语言定分”三大高分秘诀：1、cover all the points given；2、get some details；3、as easy as possible；（上过课的同学都深有体会其实这一点才是写作文过程中最难的难点！）二、过渡阅卷老师的想法：只有“好学生”才会利用过渡词对主题句进行拓展1、First and foremost,.Additionally,. Last but not least,.2、For one thing,. For another,.3、On the one hand,. On the other hand,.4、To begin with,. Moreover,. Whats more,.Finally,.5、In the frist place,.In the second place,.In the third place,.6、Firstly,. Besides,.Whats more,.三、句子1、单词：避免重复！2、语法：复杂、高级！最简单粗暴的方法：黄金圣衣句型！清： It is clear that.明： It is obvious that.疑： There is no doubt that.否： No one can deny (that).不用：Needless to say,.走： It goes without saying that.特别提醒：黄金圣衣句型远远不止这6个！课文中比比皆是，只待你慧眼发掘！四、分段：什么叫自然段？就是分了段之后显得自然！1、整篇文章如何分段？每种题型自有其分段方法，基本规律是：一个要点写成一个自然段！2、段落怎么写？依据“TEEC法则”来写，而不能按照中国人“层层深入”的习惯来写，后者在英语中算跑题。T：Topic E:Explanation E:Example C:Conclusion【例】写一个书信的自然段，告诉对方要理解母亲。 （注意：应先写主题句，再利用“过渡词”进行段落拓展） Needless to say, you are supposed to understand your mother. First and foremost, it is obvious that your mom gave birth to you and has brought you up.Additionally, no one can deny she loves you more than anything else in the world.Last but not least,there is no doubt that you are too young to live all by yourself. （请务必熟练背诵本段落，掌握英语段落的基本结构！）五、卷面：1、书写：辉体字（唯一要求：clean & clear；三种建议：1、大小一致，2、落在线上，3、避免毛刺）2、修改：最好只画一横，严禁涂成黑蛋蛋！ 高考英语书面表达（山东卷）第二节：写作文的步骤 一、读题明确文体、时态、人称，边读题边写出核心单词；二、写作1、列出中文提纲：文章分几段？每段写什么主题句？用那些“具体内容”进行扩展？2、造句：主题句怎么造？扩展句怎么造？3、升级：句型能否升级？单词能否替换？如果有的地方不会写，能否换个句子？【练习1】2005山东卷一、读题：1、求职信2、第一人称I3、一般现在时、一般将来时；4、editor; part-time Englishjournalist; apply for; knowledgeable; be good at english communication; do well in teamwork;experience.二、写作：1、中文提纲 第一段：（1）问候（2）自我介绍（3）写信背景：听说对方需要兼职记者，我很感兴趣（4）写信目的：应聘 第二段：我有几个优势。第一.第二.第三.第四. 第三段：我的愿望、表示感谢、期待回信。2、文章框架：Dear Editor, How are you doing? I am LiHua, a high school student from Xinhua middle school.I read in the newspaper that you need a parttime English journalist. I am quiet interested in it. Now Im writing to apply for this position. I have several advantages. /Im sure I am fit for the job./There are four main reasons why Im the best choice for you. To begin with,. Moreover, . Whats more,.Finally,. Hopefully the chance would be given to me.Thanks for your time and patience. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. Best wishes! Yours truly, LiHua3、填充内容：Dear Editor, How are you doing? I am LiHua, a high school student from Xinhua middle school. I read in the newspaper that you need a parttime English journalist.I am quiet interested in it.Now Im writing to apply for this position. I have several advantages. /Im sure I am fit for the job./There are four main reasons why Im the best choice for you. To begin with,people often say I am a knowledgeable person who is crazy about reading. Moreover, living in the USA for one and a half years, I am good at English communication. Whats more,as the vice chairman of the students union, I do well in teamwork and thus get along with people easily.Finally,working in the school broadcasting station for 6 month, it is easy for me to handle the job in your company. Hopefully the chance would be given to me.Thanks for your time and patience.Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. Best wishes! Yours truly, LiHua【练习2】2008山东卷1、中文提纲第一段：四种内容（1）问候How are you doing?（2）写信背景I heard.（3）写信目的Now I am writing this letter to.第二段：用T-E结构分析原因第三段：用T-E结构给建议第四段：用T-E结构写“我帮助他的具体措施”2、文章框架Dear LiMing, How are you doing? I heard you have some trouble in doing sth.Now Im writing to give you a hand. In my opinion, there are two main reasons accounting for your problem. For one thing,. For another,. Here are several suggestions for you. Firstly,why not do sth? Secondly,if I were you, I would do sth . Thirdly, you are supposed to do sth . Hopefully these suggestions will be of great help to you. As the vice monitor of the class,I will spare no effort in helping you. For example,. If there is anything else I can do,please let me know.Im sure you can adapt to the new environment before long. Best wishes! Yours truly, ZhangHua 3、填充内容Dear LiMing, How are you doing? I heard you have some trouble in getting along with your classmates. Now Im writing to give you a hand. In my opinion, there are two main reasons accounting for your problem. For one thing, so shy are you that you seldom chat with others.For another,you havent found any common interest among your classmates. Here are several suggestions for you. Firstly,why not change your mind and not be shy anymore? Secondly, if I were you, I would often exchange ideas with other students on current issues. Thirdly, you are supposed to join their games to make more close friends. Hopefully these suggestions will be of great help to you. As the vice monitor of the class,I will spare no effort in helping you. For example, I can let you join some activities where you can make yourself known by others. If there is anything else I can do,please let me know.Im sure you can adapt to the new environment before long. Best wishes! Yours truly, ZhangHua高考英语书面表达（山东卷）第三讲：亮点句型设计的三大理念 一、细节丰富一个句子中要尽量多写些内容，使句子生动、形象、丰满，这需要使用一些语法技巧对句子中的名词、动词进行修饰，常见的方法是增加定语从句和状语从句。二、避免重复1、连续两个句子一般不重复使用相同单词、尽力使用高级单词；2、连续两个句子一般不重复使用相同句式、尽力使用复杂句式；三、化繁为简1、将多套主谓结构的复杂句变成只有一套主谓结构的简单句；2、写作高手应尽力减少“无内容”、“无意义”的表达，如“黄金圣衣句型”等只能适当使用以增强语气；【如何造句子？】1. 把中文说清楚。2. 套句型；3. 添修饰。 第一节 如何在句子中增加细节？绝招之一、抽象变具体尽力选择表意明确的单词，并适当增添细节成分。【例句1】1. I go to school every day.2. With the rising from the east, I, together with Tom and Jerry, ride to school at 6:00 every morning.【例句2】1. I went to the station to buy the tickets.2. I took the subway line No.2 to the Beijing railway station to buy the tickets to Beidaihe.【例句3】1. Mr Smith is a good teacher.2. Mr Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.【例句4】1. We can judge a person from hes words and his actions.2. We can judge a person from what he says and what he does.绝招二、“裸奔”穿外衣在一些“光秃秃”的名词和动词上面加上修饰成分。You should understand your mom.这是一个苍白无力的句子, 我们可以利用下面总结的方法，给you、mom、understand等词加上修饰成分，将这个句子变得加“形象生动”。（一）名词的修饰手段：1、在名词后面加上一个同位语：形式：A，B， .其中，A=B, A是名词或代词，B是名词或从句；如：Ray, a drop of falling sun. Me, a name I call myself.常用的同位语技巧：将代词具体化We-We high school students. 我们高中生. We Chinese. 我们中国人. We teenagers. 我们青少年.We Chinese young generation. 我们中国年轻的一代.eg: 1. 我们青少年应该掌握英语这门世界上最广泛使用的外语We teenagers are supposed to master English, the most widely used foreign language in the world.2. 我们高中生应对我们自己的未来负责。We high school students are supposed to be responsible for our own future.3. 他们那些外国人对我们山东人评价很高。They foreigners speak highly of us Shandong people.像上面给出的那个句子，我们就可以加上这样的同位语：You, a teenage boy who cannot live all by yourself, should understand your mom.2、 在名词前面加上一个或多个形容词。You should understand your kind, dear and hard-working mom.3、在名词后面添加定语从句You should understand your mom who loves you most in the world.4、在名词前面或后面加上非谓语动词作定语（后述）（二）动词的修饰手段：一、在适当的位置加上副词句中可以位置通常包括：主语之前、宾语之后及“小状语位置”（所谓“小状语位置”是指“助系情之后，实义动词之前”）。主语之前：Every morning, I read English.宾语之后：I read English every morning.小状语位置：1. You should deeply understand your mom.2. I can definitely do it.3. I dont really know him.常用副词：surely、certainly、extremely、surprisingly（令人惊讶的）、amazingly（令人惊讶的 褒）、badly、unexpectedly(出人意料地)、 unfortunately 二、将几个意思接近的动词并列使用1. You should understand your mom. 2. You should understand,love and appreciate your mom.2. You should understand and love your mom as well as appreciate everything she has done for you.绝招三、巧加“小尾巴”：刚写完一个简单句子，觉得句式和句意太单调了，怎么办呢？可以在后面追加一个“尾巴从句，既能使句型复杂化，又能有效完善句意。（一）表“原因”的句型：,because.,for.,considering that.【例句】1. It goes without saying that you should learn English well，considering that it is a must in the future society.2. You can chat more with your classmates, considering that we havent known you deeply.（二）表“结果”的句型：,so.,as a result,.,therefore,.,consequently,.,accordingly,.【例句】1. You should learn English well, consequently, you can achieve great success in the future.2. Additionally,I have lived in Seattle/Detroit for one and a half years, consequently, I do well in English communication. （三）表“目的”的句型：，so that.+句子, in order that.+句子to + 动词原形in order to +动词原形so as to +动词原形【例句】1. You should understand your mom, in order that your family would be flooded with harmony and happiness.2. You should understand your mom in order to fill your family with harmony and happiness.You should understand your mom so as to fill your family with harmony and happiness.3. If I were you, I would join in more activities,so as to make more close friends.（四）表“程度”的句型当句子中用到形容词或副词时，可以使用这样一个句型来描述这个形容词或副词的强烈程度：so+形容词/副词+that+句子【步骤】第一步：形容词副词前面加so第二步：形容词副词后面加that第三步：that后面写一个“句子”表达形容词副词的程度。【例句】1.You are shy.-You are so shy that you seldom chat with others.2. Tom runs fast. - Tom runs so fast that none of us could catch up with him.3. The flower is beautiful. -The flower is so beautiful that we all like it.4. Tom is a humorous teacher.-Tom is so humorous a teacher that we often laugh in his class.第二节：如何避免写作中语法结构的“重复”？绝招四：用物做主语（物称主语）主语：句子的主角、句子描述的对象；谓语：描述主语的行为或特征；经常使用I、You、We等人称代词做主语，会使文章显得单调，不妨试试换用“物”来做主语，使句式更加灵活多变！常见的方法有以下三种：（一）宾语做主语（常使用被动语态）【例句】1. I like English.-English is my favourite subject.My favourite subject is English.English attracts me.English interests me.English appeals to me.2. I have been using the cell phone for a year.-The cell phone has been used for a year.This cell phone has kept me company for a year.This cell phone has been serving me for a year.（二）谓语动词变成动名词，作主语【例句】Firstly, youd better chat more with your classmates.-Chatting more with your classmates is beneficial for you.Chatting more with your classmates will help you know others well.Chatting more with your classmates will help you make yourself known to all.（三）引入其他的名词【例句】You should improve your communicating ability.Firstly, a computer could be adopted to communicate with others in order to improve your communicating ability.绝招五：陈述变倒装当需要强调句子中的某些成分时，谓语或谓语的一部分（助系情）被提到了主语之前，这个就是倒装。倒装属于英语中的特殊句式，包括“完全倒装”和“不完全倒装”两种情况。（一）完全倒装；当表示地点或方位的状语开头时，句子变完全倒装。如：公交车来了。Here comes the bus.上课铃响了。Here comes the bell.（二）部分倒装；部分倒装用于以下三种情况1 强调句子中的否定词：第一步：把否定词置于句首第二步：把助、系、情提到主语之前【例句】1. I have never seen him before. Never have I seen him before.2. I know few teachers in NOS. Few teachers do I know in NOS.【常见否定词】hardly ; at no time; by no means; little; few; never;2 “only+状语”置于句首一般用于以下四种句式：1. Only in this way can we do sth.2. Only then shall we do sth.3. Only when.(陈述句). can we do sth.4. Only if. can we do sth.【额外奉献】If only 如果.就好了（用虚拟语气表示强烈的愿望）eg: If only we could spend more time together! If only we could meet each other earlier! (2011山东卷) If only we could enjoy ourselves in Beijing before long!(2010山东卷) If only we could spend the Spring holiday together in Jinan! (2009山东卷) If only you would adapt to the new environment before long!(2008山东卷)【感悟】高级句型真的是什么地方都能用，没有用不到，只有想不到！【万能结尾句】Only in this way can our society/family/life be flooded with harmony and happiness.Only then shall we have the chance of achieving our dreams.【更多例句】1. You should understand your mom. -Only when you understand your mom can you really grow up.2. You should come to NOS. -Only when you come to NOS will you realize you could learn English in such an interesting way3. You should recite as many as 30 articles. -Only when you have recited as many as 30 articles can you master English.3当想要强调句子中的形容词、副词时的倒装：句型：so+adj/adv+倒装+that.【请比较以下三个句子，说说为什么第三个句子最有“力度”】1、Tom runs fast.2、Tom runs so fast that none of us could catch up with him.第一步：adj前面加so第二步：adj后面加that第三步：that后面用一个句子写adj的程度这个句子中引入了so.that尾巴句式，形象具体地描述了fast的程度。3、So fast does Tom run that none of us could catch up with him.第一步：adj和adv提前，并将助动词提到主语之前；第二步：整个句子的最前面加so,最后面加that;第三步：that后面用一个句子表达adj或adv的程度这个句子中不但引入了so.that句式，更使用了部分倒装，增加了句子的复杂度和情感的强烈程度。【例句】1. You are shy.-You are so shy that you seldom talk with others.So shy are you that you seldom talk with others.2. Yao is tall.-Yao is so tall that he can touch the ceiling.So tall is Yao that he can touch the ceiling.3. It is cold outside.-It is so cold outside that we have to put on our coat.So cold is it outside that we have to put on our coat.绝招六：普通变强调（一）强调谓语动词强调谓语动词的方法是：把助动词从谓语动词中提出来。我的确爱你。I do love you. 我的确爱过你。I did love you.（二）强调其他成分强调句中其他成分一般套用这样的句式：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who +句子剩余部分。在进行句式变换是只需要进行两遍“复制+粘贴”即可。【例句】1. 我爱你。I love you. 我爱的人是你。It is you that I love. 爱你的人是我。It is I that love you.2. Tom爱Jerry。 Tom loves Jerry. 爱Jerry的人是Tom。 It is Tom that loves Jerry .3. 我每天早上在户外大声朗读英语。I read English loudly in the open air every morning.如何对句子中的成分进行强调呢？绝招七：重复可省略（一）并列句中的省略：I go to school and (I) study English.but or as well as 等并列连词都具有这个性质（二）状语从句中的省略：“当状语从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句中用到be动词时，同时省略从句的主语和be动词。”When (I was) sleeping, I drew a map of China.When (I was) sleeping, I visited the Great wall.When (I was) in Beijing, I tasted Beijing roast duck.When (I was) young, I listened to the radio.绝招八：it用三遍it的三个句型（一）客观评价句型：专门用来对一件事、一个行为或一个人做评价。It is+ adj/n+for sb+to do sth. 评价一件事或一个行为It is+ adj/n+of sb+to do sth. 评价一个人【例句】It is beneficial for you to be more outgoing.It is wise of you to be more outgoing.用for是评价事，用of是评价人 对于 表修饰 【例句】It is a wise choice for you to be more outgoing.It is a requirement for us teenagers to respect our parents.It is beneficial for sb to do sth. harmful the best choice .（二）主观评价句型：同样专门用来对一件事、一个行为或一个人做评价。Sb think/find/regard/believe it + adj/n +for sb +to do sth.【例句】I think it harmful for you to be so shy.I think (it is harmful for you to be so shy).I make you happy. 主 谓 宾 补宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的性质I think it vital/significant for us to master English.I think it stupid of you to go out in such a cold day.I think it stupid of you to say so.I think it a beneficial habit for you to read regularly.（三）“使”句型：碰到“使”字一般都能用上这个句型：sth make it +adj/n + for sb+to do 使.变成.【例句】1.良好的学习环境使我们更容易集中注意力在学习上。A quiet, clean and comfortable environment makes it easier for us to concentrate on our study.2.骄傲使人落后Pride makes it hard for one to grow.3.安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。How can I unwillingly serve the noble, which makes it impossible for me to smile.第三节：如何将繁琐的复杂句“化繁为简”？绝招九：非谓语|动词；“非谓语动词”是一种特殊的演员，除了谓语这个角色不能当，什么角色都能当。问题：什么时候想到用非谓语动词？答：一个句子中用到多个动词时，要用非谓语动词！【例句】我看见一个骑自行车的人。I saw a man (riding a bike).其中，riding a bike是“现在分词做后置定语表主动”。“现在分词”是一个演员，扮演“后置定语”的角色，起到“表主动”的作用。【关于非谓语动词的三个秘密】1. 主动用ing，被动用ed，要做去做用to do;2. 一个人做两件事，用“分词短语”； 两个人分别做两件事，用“独立主格结构”；(非谓语动词做状语)3. 当汉语中用“动词+的”修饰名词时，英语中用定语从句或非谓语动词；（非谓语动词做定语）（一）“非谓语动词做状语”和“独立主格”。小龙笑着走了进来。 Smiling, XL walked in.小龙哭着走了进来。 Crying, LX walked in.（以上两个句子都是一个人做了两件事）昊明被打了，小龙哭了。HM beaten, LX cried.昊明笑了，小龙也笑了。HM smiling, LX smiled.（以上两个句子是两个人做了两件事）【练习】1. 被昊明打了，小龙哭了Beaten badly by GX, LX cried.2. 小龙走了进来，被打了。LX walked in, beaten.3.看见昊明走进来，龙兄笑了。Seeing HM walking in, LX smiled.4.看见昊明走出去，龙兄哭了。Seeing HM walking out, LX cried.4.太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，我背上书包上学校。The sun shining in the sky, the flowers smiling to me, I, carrying my bag, went to school.5.掌握了这个方法，造句很容易。掌握了这个方法，我们能够很容易地造句子。Having mastered this method, we can easily make a sentence.This method mastered, we can easily make a sentence.（二）“非谓语动词做定语”。看书的那个小男孩是昊明。The boy (reading a book) is HM.被昊明打了的那个小男孩是小龙The boy beaten by HM is XL.开车的那个小男孩是昊明。The man (driving a car) is HM.桌子上有一本打开的书是小龙的。There is an unfolded book on the desk, which is from XL.那棵勇敢地朝着太阳生长的树是我奶奶种的。The tree (growing toward the sun bravely ) was planted by my grandma .“动词+的” 修饰名词时，可以用非谓语动词作定语，在使用时需要考虑主被动和时态。一般放在后面，如果只有一个非谓语动词而没有其他成分，则也可能放在前面。2011暑假班（山东卷）笔记（四）(2011-08-05 21:03:46) 转载标签： 教育分类： 高考英语书面表达 一、书面表达词汇选取应遵循的四大原则： 1、“晚词”优先；only-merelyenough-adequate2、短语优先；join-take part inuse-make good use of3、具体词优先；a good teacher-a kind, patient and knowledgeable teacherlearn-pick up（偶然学会）/ master（掌握）I am good at English.-I won the second prize in the English speech competition.4、大纲词汇衍生词优先；He must be a doctor.-He is undoubtedly a doctor.He is very tall.-He is surprisingly tall.二、经典换词大法70式：（标红色的最为常用，需要优先、重点记忆）专题一：评价一件事1. 好的 good优秀的 outstanding，perfect，brilliant，remarkable，distinguished，excellent教育性的，启发性的 instructive，educational，enlightening建设性的，有益的 constructive，helpful，valuable，useful有意义的 meaningful2. 极好的，惊人的 great，surprising难以置信的，惊人的，令人震惊的 fantastic，incredible，unusual，unbelievable，exceptional，extraordinary，marvelous，notable，noteworthy，striking，amazing，shocking，astonishing3. 坏的bad糟糕的terrible不理想的undesirable不令人满意的unsatisfa