第六部分《通用英语选读》.doc

第六部分 通用英语选读重点难点解 Unit 1 How to be HappyWords and phrases【psychologist】n. 心理学研究者,心理学家A gifted American psychologist has said, Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go. 一位天才的美国心理学家说过：“烦恼是感情的一阵发作; 脑子被某件事纠缠着而又抛不开它。”psychology n.心理学;心理,心理特点 psychological adj. 心理的,精神上的;心理学的【voluntary】adj. 自愿的, 志愿的;义务的,无偿的Although Im retired, voluntary work keeps me in the swim (of things).我虽已退休，但仍做些义务工作，以便了解当前的情势。n. (教堂礼拜仪式前后或进行期间的)乐器独奏volunteer n. 志愿者,志愿兵 vt. 主动建议（或告诉）vi. 自愿参军;当志愿兵 【formula】n. 公式, 方程式What is the formula for water?水的分子式是什么？【biological】adj. 生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的Biological warfare is terrible.生物战很可怕。biology n. 生物学,生理 biologist n. 生物学家【happy】adj. 感到（或显得）幸福的, 快乐的;对感到满意的He is in the happy position of never having to worry about money.他真有福气，从来不需要为金钱之事操心。happiness n. 幸福,快乐,愉快;恰当,巧妙【chronic】adj. 长期的;慢性的;难以治愈（或根除）的;糟透的,拙劣的There is a chronic unemployment problem in America.在美国存在长期失业问题。chronicle n. 编年史 vt. 将(某事物)载入编年史【primitive】adj. 原始的, 早期的;（感觉或欲望)原始本能的The book is about the mythologies of primitive races.这本书是原始民族神话集。【external】adj. 外面的, 外部的; 外国的A circuit that pulls information from the control store memory based upon external events or conditions.依据外部事件或条件将信息从控制存储器中取出的一种线路。internal adj. 内部的, 里面的; 国内的, 内政的【conflictual】adj. 具有冲突的，充满争议的There will be various kinds conflictual ideas in a free country, and that s just the source of power.在一个自由的国家里总会有各种相冲突的思想，而这正是力量的源泉。 conflict n. 冲突,争论;战斗 vi. 冲突,战斗;矛盾,对立,分歧【share】n. 1）一份,份儿;(分担的)一部分(+in/of)I have done my share of the work. 我已经做了我分内的工作。 2）股份;股票(+in)3）(工作、费用等的)分摊;分担;贡献The young engineer had a large share in modernizing the factory. 这位年轻的工程师在工厂现代化过程中出了很大力。 vt. 1）均分;分摊;分配(+out/among/between)The money was shared out between them. 这笔钱由他们两人分。2）分享;分担;共有;共同使用(+with/among/between)Sam and I share a room. 山姆和我合住一间房间。 vi. 分享;分担(+in)My wife shared with me in distress. 妻子与我共患难。 【sb. can never do sth】某人绝不可能做某事Beat me, hate me, You can never break me. 你可以打败我，恨我，但绝不可能摧毁我。【persist with】继续努力， 坚持不懈They persisted with the agricultural reforms, despite opposition from the farmers.他们不顾农民反对，仍继续进行农业改革。persist in 坚持， 坚决做 He persisted in carrying on the experiment in spite of all kinds of setbacks.尽管遇到很多挫折，他仍坚持做实验。【complain to sb. (of/about sth) 】向某人抱怨(某事)She complained to me about his bad manners.她向我抱怨他不礼貌。Sentences and grammar1) In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). 在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。Where在此句中引导定语从句，解释 formula所包含的信息。2) Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作幸福假说当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。 1. 当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。（句子中指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句，称同位关系。一般跟在某些名词后面。后一成分通常叫做前一成分的同位语。）同位语成分的一个显著标志是其前后都已“,”相隔。本句中The Happiness Hypothesis就是book的同位语成分。 2. that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略。本句中两个that均是此作用充当宾语从句引导词，无具体意义。3) If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. 如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。在if引导的条件状语从句中，如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果，主句用一般将来时态，从句用一般现在时态。如： We can walk there if we cant find a bus. If it rains tomorrow ,we will not go to the zoo.如果if条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件，则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如：If bears are in danger ,they attack people.注意：在if引导的条件状语从句中，if和条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后面，若if条件句放句首，从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。还要注意前后时态一致原则。Unit 2 City DesignWords and phrases【overwhelming】adj. 势不可挡的, 压倒性的；无法抗拒的The scenic splendors of the Rocky Mountains are overwhelming.落基山脉的壮丽景色使人赞叹不已。【presence】n. 出席, 到场;仪表,仪态 He advocated the withdrawal of the American presence in Lebanon.他主张美国人应该从黎巴嫩撤走。presentn. 礼物，现在Im afraid I cant help you just at present Im too busy.很抱歉，我现在帮不了你实在太忙了。adj. 出席的，现在的，当前的，存在的He would not be elected on present form.鉴於他的现时表现，他不可能当选。v. 提出，赠送，呈现He presented her with a bunch of flowers.他献给她一束花。【deterioratie】v. 恶化，退化的Relation between the two countries have deteriorated sharply in recent week.最近几周那两个国家间的关系严重恶化了。【enhance】v. 提高，加强; 增进，扩大；改善He made many efforts to enhance his reputation.他做了许多努力来提高他的声誉。【inherent】adj. 固有的; 内在的He has an inherent distrust of foreigners.他天生对外国人不信任。【multiply】v. 乘, (使)相乘；(使)增加；(使)繁殖)We must multiply our efforts to clear up the mystery.我们必须加倍努力来澄清这一神秘的事件。Rabbits multiply quickly.兔子繁殖很快。【remind】v. 使想起;提醒1) remind sb. to do sth 提醒某人做某事Please remind me to write to my mother tomorrow.请提醒我明天给我母亲写信。2) remind sb. of sth 提醒某人某事This story reminds me of my childhood.这个故事让我想起了我的童年。【horrify】v. 使震惊, 使感到恐怖We were horrified by what we saw.我们看到后很害怕。horrific adj. 可怕的，恐怖的，很不愉快的horrified adj. (表现出)恐惧的 be horrified at 对 . 感到恐怖horrifiedly adv. 毛骨悚然地， 惊骇地【couldnt help but do sth】禁不住做某事，不仅做某事He was no doubt a great hero so people couldnt help but cry over his death.他毫无疑问是个伟大的英雄，所以人们才为他的去世禁不住地感到悲伤。 【be in trouble】处于困难或麻烦中If anyone gets wind of our plans, well be in trouble.要是有任何人得知我们的计划，我们就会陷入困境。【be equivalent to】等于， 相当于A total increase of that magnitude be equivalent to the population of a country larger than Australia.新增失业人口总数将超过澳大利亚的总人口。Sentences and grammar1) When Im being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldnt help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。本句中am being driven 为被动语态的进行时态。被动语态的句子是以“be动词+过去分词”的形式来表达，如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后面需接by.，译为“被（由）.”。 被动语态的句型： 肯定句：主语+be +过去分词+（by.）. 否定句：主语+be not +过去分词+（by.）. 一般疑问句：Be +主语+过去分词+（by.）？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词+be +主语+过去分词+（by.）？ 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。 被动语态的用法： 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 4. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them. 5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 6.过去进行时的被动语态构成：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词 The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital. The new road was being made. *过去将来时：should/would+have been+及物动词的过去分词 *过去将来完成时: should/would+have been +及物动词的过去分词 7.过去完成时的被动语态构成：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词 The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came. The tickets had been sold out berore I came to the cinema. 8.将来完成时的被动语态构成：shall/will + have done They will have been married for 20 years by then. The project will have been completed before May. 9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 2）The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。本句中sitting、raising分别作伴随、结果状语。现在分词短语可以用作状语，修饰句子中由谓语表示的主要动作。这个状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况，通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。下面分述如下：1.作时间状语如果现在分词的动作和主谓语的动作同时发生，分词用一般式，有时其前可以加上连词while或when。例如：Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy.(When they heard the news，they.)听到这个消息时，他们都高兴得跳了起来。Walking slowly across the grass，he pointed the gun at the lion and fired.他慢慢地走过草地，把枪对准狮子就射击了。如果现在分词的动作结束之后，谓语动词的动作才发生，现在分词应用完成式。这时分词所表示的动作有一定的持续性。如果用一般式就会给人感觉到似乎是某人在做某事时就开始做某事，容易产生误解。但是，如果现在分词是hear，see等表示感官的动词或是leave，arrive，turn，open等表示位置转换或情况改变的动词，现在分词所表示的动作发生后，主句的动作往往紧接着发生，那就不必用完成式，仍用一般式。例如：Having watered the flowers(AfterWhen he had watered the flowers)，he began to cut the grass.他把花浇好后，开始割草。Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。Seeing a large cake flying through the air，the driver pulled up quickly.司机看见一只大蛋糕在空中掠过，赶紧刹车。2.作方式状语现在分词作方式状语很容易与伴随状语、同位语、定语相混淆。试分析下列句子：.But later，people developed a way of printing, sing rocks.但是以后，人们利用石块发展了印刷术。有人对该句using rocks提出了以下看法：1)把它视作相当于一个非限制性定语从句。2)把它视作a way of printing的同位语。3)把它视作状语，表示伴随情况或方式。笔者赞成第三种看法，表示方式状语(但不是伴随状语)。因为句中using rocks表明人们用什么方法发明了一种印刷方法，是涉及到用how或by what means的回答问题，所以，如果把句中using前的逗号去掉，改为by，则句意保持不变。又如：He earns a living by driving.他靠开卡车谋生。They would be ableto reply to our signals by using similar methods.他们将能用同样的方法回答我们的信号。3.作目的状语例如：Pappy ran out to the gate and told him not to come fooling(to fool)round there no more.巴比跑到大门口去叫他不要再到这儿来游荡。The six blind men stood there begging for a meal.(in order to beg for a meal)六个瞎子站在那儿要饭。4.作结果状语例如：I thought he was making fun of me，and ran faster than ever，reaching(so that I reached)the school yard quite out of breath.我想他在拿我开玩笑，就越发跑得快了，到达校园时已经上气不接下气。Her husband died ten years ago，leaving her with three children to look after.她丈夫十年前去世了，撇下她和三个孩子。5.作伴随状语伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。例如：He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.他坐在扶手椅里读报。All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem.他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。6.作原因状语现在分词短语作原因状语，尤其是be，feel，know，recognize，fear等状态动词的现在分词(短语)，以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时，通常表示原因。例如：Being sick，I stayed at home.我因病呆在家中。Not knowing her address，I cant write to her.由于不知道她的地址，我没法给她写信。7.作条件状语例如：Taking(If you take)the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood.如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。8.起补充说明作用现在分词短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似，但严格地说，它不是伴随状语，因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生，实际上，它起着补充说明的作用，相当于一个并列分句，但比分句简洁、明快。例如：My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.and will arrive in Chicago at ten.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.and added that he had enjoyed his stay here.Unit3 PopulationWords and phrases【incurable】adj. 无法治愈的,不可救药的He was found in incurable disease.他被查出得了不治之症。n. 不治的病人，无救的人 This region is building a home for incurables.这个地区正在新建一座绝症病人收容所。【technological】adj. 技术上的;由于技术原因的,因技术革新而造成的For the future, competition between nations will be increasingly based on technological skill.在未来，国与国之间的竞争将越来越以工艺技术为基础。technologist n. 技术专家, 工艺学家, 工艺人员 engineer n.工程师,机(械)师 scientist n.科学家 technician n.技术员,技师technologically adv. 科技地technologic adj. 工艺的， 技术的technologize vt. 使技术化， 使工艺化 vi. 技术化， 工艺化technology n. 技术，工艺，工艺学【available】adj. 可利用的，可得到的，有空的，有效的Do you have a room available?你们有空房间吗？Approval of the plan presupposes that the money will be made available.批准该计划先要有可用的资金。1) available to 可以用来(可能得到的，现有的)In computer security, any weakness or flaw existing in a system, the susceptibility of a system to a specific threat attack or harmful event, or the opportunity available to a threat agent to mount that attack.在计算机安全学中，存在于一个系统内的弱点或缺陷，系统对一个特定的威胁攻击或危险事件的敏感性，或进行攻击的威胁作用的可能性。2) 可供 . 之用的，对 . 有效，能参加(出席) . 的A place, such as a library, where printed materials are available for reading.一个诸如图书馆的地方可提供印刷材料的阅读。Chinese commodities available for export are varied.中国可供出口的商品种类繁多。availably adv. 可获得地， 可用地 availability n. 有效，有用，有益，可得到的人(或物)【usable】adj. 可用的,能用的;合用的;便于使用的Only two usable roads through the mountains link north and south.仅有两条可用的公路穿过群山连接南北。【nonrenewable】adj. 不可再生的As nonrenewable resources, the land is the basis on which human beings live anddevelop.土地作为一种有限的、不可再生的资源，是人类赖以生存和发展的基础。 renewableadj. 可再生的；可更新的；可继续的If I can rephrase what I had just said, I think our resource is not renewable.如果我可以把我刚说的话重新措辞一下，我变为我们的资源是不能再生的。【fertile】adj. 多产的, 富饶的; 能生育的The rotation of crops keeps the soil healthy and fertile.谷物轮种使土壤保持了肥力和高质。fertility n. 肥沃; (人)繁殖力; (思想等的)丰富【mineral】adj. 矿物的, 似矿物的These mineral properties include the color, streak, luster, hardness, crystal form, specific gravity , cleavage, fracture and so on.这些矿物的物理性质包括颜色、条痕、光泽、硬度、晶形、比重、解理、断口等等。 n. 矿物(石），矿物质;（英）矿泉水；无机物；苏打水（常用复数表示）Coal is a mineral.煤是一种矿物We are digging for mineral deposits.我们正在掘地探矿。【be unable to do sth】不能够做某事I tried to contact him but was unable to.我竭力想与他联系但没联系上。be able to do sth能够做某事I do hope youll be able to do something about it. Please try for my sake.我衷心希望你能够为此想点办法。请看在我的面上尽点力吧！ 【due to】(介词短语)因为，由于Great changes are in prospect in this area due to foreign investment.因为外资的引进，该地区会发生很大变化。【die of/from】表示死的原因，die后既可接介词of，也可接from, 两者的区别是： 1) 若死因存在于人体之上或之内（主要指疾病、衰老等自身的原因)，一般用介词of。如：die of illness (heart trouble, cancer, a fever, etc) 死于疾病 (心脏病，癌症，发烧等) 2) 若死因不是存在人体之内或之上，而是由环境造成的(主要指事故等方面的外部原因)，一般用介词from。如：die from an earthquake (a traffic accident, a lightning, a stroke, etc) 死于地震(交通事故，雷击等) 3) 若死因是环境影响到体内，即两方面共有的原因，则可用of, from 均可。如：die of from a drink ( a wound, overwork, starvation, hunger and cold, etc) 死于饮酒(受伤，劳累过度，饥饿，饥寒等) 但是在实际运用中，两者混用的情况较多。常用关于die的短语die for ones country为国捐躯 die down熄灭、平息 die off绝种、枯死die away消逝、静下来 die a heroic death英勇牺牲 Unit 4 EarthquakeWords and phrases【rank】n. 排；等级；军衔；队列Glory, honour, wealth, and rank, such things are nothing but shadows.荣耀，名誉，财富及等级这些东西都是虚物。adj. 讨厌的；恶臭的；繁茂的Most ladies hate the rank tobacco, gentlemen please be considerate.大多女士讨厌呛人的烟草，先生们请贴心一点。vt. 排列；把分等Indifference analysis relies merely on the ability to rank goods in order of preference.无差异分析只限于以个人偏好为各种商品排序的能力。【devastating】adj. 毁灭性的，惊人的，压倒性的; 令人印象深刻的，令人震惊的The area is subject to devastating seasonal winds.这个地区常遭破坏性季风的袭击。【number】n. 数, 数字; 号码 Your name and your room number, please ? 请告诉我你的姓名和房间号？v. 总计，编号，编号，把 . 算作We will number them from one to ten.我们将给这些东西编为一至十号。【distraction】n. 使人分心的事（人）；分心, 分散注意力；娱乐，消遣，发狂TV can be a welcome distraction after a hard days work.辛苦一天之后，看电视有时是很美的逍遣。The childs continual crying drove me to distraction.那孩子不断的哭声弄得我几乎要发狂。There is no need for this distraction, as fears about the potential impact of leakage and loss of competitiveness are exaggerated.我们毫无必要为此分神，因为相关国家对碳泄漏和丧失竞争力之潜在影响的担心过于夸张。 【geographic】adj. 地理学的；地理的Geographic and political factors made the strategic situation in the Arctic much more complicated than the Antarctic.地理和政治因素使得北极地区的战略形势较南极地区要“复杂得多”。 geography n. 地理学科geographer n. 地理学者【encompass】v. 围绕，包围；包括，完成The general arts course at the university encompasses a wide range of subjects.大学文科包括的科目非常广泛。【contiguous】adj. 接触的，共同的，相邻的This garden is contiguous with/to the field.这个花园紧挨着农田。【frequency】n. (某事发生可重复的)频率；(声波或无线电波的)振动频率; 波段We can often correlate age with frequency of illness.年龄的大小往往与发病率有关。He varied the transmission frequency.他变换了无线电传送的频率。frequent adj. 时常发生的, 常见的His frequent hesitations annoyed the audience.他三番五次欲言又止，听众已感到厌烦。vt. 常到, 光顾, 常与交往He used to frequent the towns bars and night-clubs.他从前常去镇上的酒吧和夜总会。【unexpected】adj. 没有料想到的, 意外的, 突如其来的, 出乎意料的, 始料不及的The brain is stimulated by surprise, and successfully dealing with an unexpected situation gives a powerful sense of satisfaction.惊奇会激发大脑，而且成功地处理一个意料之外的情况会给人们带来很强大满足感。 expected adj. (用作定语)预期要发生的；期待中的Scattered showers are expected this afternoon.预料今天下午有零星阵雨。We got the expected objection to the plan.我们收到预料中的对该计划的反对意见。【eliminate】v. 除去，剔除，忽略，淘汰Let us eliminate all uncertain on thought.让我们从思想上消除一切疑惑。This new process has eliminated the need for checking the products by hand.采用这种新方法无须再用手工检验产品。eliminate from 除掉，除去；排除；逐出；淘汰： Eliminate from your vocabulary the words , I dont think I can and substitute I know I can .在你的字典中将“我觉得我不能做到”这句话除名，用“我知道我能行”来替代。 【destructiveness】n. 破坏性；毁灭性；破坏能力The paroxysm and destructiveness of crisis incidents increase the difficulty in management.由于危机事件具有突发性、破坏性等特点，从而增加了对其管理的难度。 destructiveadj. 破坏的；毁灭性的；有害的，消极的Severe damage witnessed the destructive force of the storm.严重的损害表明了暴风雨的破坏力。destructivity n. 破坏能力，摧毁能力【result from/in】result in强调引起某件事的原因，“导致，引起”，主语是原因，定语是结果。result from强调某件事引起的结果，“因.而导致.”，宾语是原因，主语是结果。For examples：Toms lie resulted in his dismissal from his job.汤姆的撒谎导致他被解雇。Toms lie resulted from his lack of confidence.汤姆的撒谎是由于缺乏自信。【add】1. add in 包括。如：Dont forget to add me in. 别忘了把我也算上。 2. add to 增加。如：This adds to our difficulties. 这增加了我们的困难。 3. add up(1) 加起来。如： You havent added the figures up right. 这些数字你没有加对。 (2) 有意义，有道理(主要用于口语中，且主要用于否定句)。如： His excuse just doesnt add up. 他的借口完全站不住脚。 4. add up to(1) 加起来等于，总计。如： The figures add up to 500. 这些数字加起来等于500。 (2) 总起来看说明了。如： Your long answer just adds up to a refusal. 你的冗长回答简直等于拒绝。 【be in operation】正在运转；在实施中；在生效中；在行动中The system of heating the seafarer accommodation be in operation at all times when seafarers are living or working on board and conditions require its use.如果船员在船上生活或工作且情况需要，海员起居舱室的供暖系统应一直开放。 Sentences and grammarEarthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men; since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in millions and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation.地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。“it is estimated that.” “据估计”，一般用于数据统计，举例，文章中常用。Un