第一讲 句子结构.doc

一、句子成分一个句子一般由两部分组成，即主语部分（subject group）和谓语部分（predicate group）。句子成分（members of the sentence）是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子由各个成分所构成。1.主语主语（subject）是一个句子的主题（theme），是全句所述说的主体，一般置于句首。可用于作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1）名词作主语 e.g. A tree has fallen across the road.2) 代词作主语 e.g. Youre not far wrong.3) 数词作主语。 e.g. Three is enough.4）名词化的形容词作主语 e.g. The idle are forced to work.5）副词作主语 e.g. Now is the time. 6）名词化的介词作主语 e.g. The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 7) 不定式作主语 e.g. To find your way can be a problem.8） 动名词作主语 e.g. Smoking is bad for you.9） 名词化的过去分词作主语 e.g. The disabled are to receive more money. 10) 介词短语用作主语e.g. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 11) 从句用作主语 e.g. Whenever you are ready will be fine. 12) 句子做主语 e.g. “How do you do” is a greeting. 主语可由一个以上的名（代）词等构成，这种主语可叫作并列主语。 e.g. He and I are old friends. 英语常用无人称的名词作主语。 e.g. A gun wounded him. 有人用枪打伤了他。 英语还常用表示时间、地点的词作主语。 e.g. Today is your last lesson in French. Tian An Men Square first saw the raising of our fivestar red flag on October 1st, 1949. 1949年10月1日天安门广场上升起了我们的第一面五星红旗。2. 谓语 谓语（predicate）或谓语动词（predicate verbs）的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词+主要动词）构成。 由简单动词构成的谓语 e.g. What happened? I doubt it. 短语动词也是简单动词。 e.g. The plane took off at ten oclock. 由动词短语构成的谓语。 e.g. I am reading. I dont happen to know. 英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，以表生动。这些动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词leave, get, take, give等。 e.g. I had a swim yesterday. (had a swim代替了swam) Take a look at that! (take a look代替了look)3 表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于连系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，连系动词只是形式上的谓语，而真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。1）名词作表语 e.g. Its a pity that we shall be a little late.表时间和地点的名词可用作表语，其前的连系动词be意为“发生”、“存在”等。 e.g. The wedding was that Sunday. 用作表语的名词具有抽象概念，相当于形容词。 e.g. He was fool enough to spend all the money at once. 名词s属格也可以做表语。 e.g. That hat must be Toms. 2)代词用作表语 e.g. So thats that. 就是这样。 3）数词作表语 e.g. We are seven. 我们一共7人。 4）形容词作表语 e.g. Are you busy? 5)副词作表语 e.g. Are you there? 6) 不定式作表语 e.g. All I could do was to wait. 连系动词seem, appear等常后面接不定式to be, 以加强连系动词的力量。 e.g. A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 7) 动名词用作表语 e.g. Complimenting is lying. 8) 分词用作表语 e.g. Its surprising that you havent met. Im very pleased with what he has done. 9) 介词短语用作表语 e.g. She is in good health. 介词of表“具有”时，其短语亦常用作表语。 e.g. Im quite of your opinion. 引导表语的介词of还常后接age, benefit, birth, charm, consequence, harm, importance, interest, kind, nature, origin, quality, significance, stock, type等。10）从句用作表语 e.g. Is that why you were angry? 4. 宾语 宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者， 因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。 e.g. Our team beat all the others. 但有时为了强调，宾语亦可置于句首。 e.g. Two weeks you shall have. 有时则为了上下文的衔接而将宾语置于句首。e.g. This much we have achieved; but we are not complacent. 可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、介词短语、从句等。1）名词用作宾语 e.g. She is expecting a baby in July. 2) 代词用作宾语 e.g. What does it mean?3) 数词用作宾语 e.g. If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 4）名词化的形容词用作宾语 e.g. I shall do my possible. 5）副词用作宾语 e.g. He left there last week. 6) 不定式用作宾语 e.g. Remember to buy some stamps, wont you？7）动名词用作宾语 e.g. He denied visiting her house. 8) 名词化的分词（主要是过去分词）用作宾语 e.g. He never did the unexpected.9) 介词短语用作宾语 e.g. The City Health Department is giving us until this evening. 10) 从句用作宾语 e.g. Do you understand what I mean? 11) 句子用作宾语 e.g. He said, “Youre quite wrong.” 宾语除表动作的承受关系，有时亦可表其它一些关系。1）宾语表使役的对象 e.g. Please let me through. 2) 宾语表动作的结果 e.g. She made a fire. 3) 宾语表动作的工具 e.g. She was pointing her fingers at me. 4) 宾语表动作的目的 e.g. She nodded assent. 5) 宾语表转喻e.g. She poured out a full cup and presented it to his with both hands. 6) 宾语表动作的时间和地点 e.g. Some slept the night in the office. 7）宾语是与动词的同源关系，即所谓同源宾语。这种宾语用在某些不及物动词之后，并往往有定语修饰。 As he slept he dreamed a dream. 5. 补语 补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语。 1）形容词用作主语补语时常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 e.g. Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 有时亦可置于主语之后，前后皆有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。 e.g. The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 主语补语亦常置于谓语动词之后，全句形成“主+谓+主补”结构。 e.g. Maggie gaped round-eyed. 主语补语在被动句中应放在被动语态之后。 e.g. He was found dead. 主语补语亦可置于宾语之后，全句形成“主+谓+宾+主补”结构。 e.g. He got off the bench very nervous. 2）可用作主语补语的词语除形容词，还有名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 e.g. He was called Oliver Barret. Lincoln was born a poor farmers boy and died President of the United States. He was seen to go upstairs. Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Beijing. He came home quite changed. He came home out of humor. People are just born what color they are. 有时用作主语补语的名词、代词、形容词、分词等之前可加上介词as（有的语法家将这种as唤作限定词）。 e.g. As a true friend he stood by me to the end. 主语补语之前有时亦可用介词for. e.g. He was taken for my brother. 3) 宾语补语一般皆置于宾语之后。 e.g. John wears his hair very long. 但有时亦可置于宾语之前。 e.g. He pushed open the door, went into the hall. 宾语补语偶尔亦可置于主语之前。 e.g. As the main eating implement, the Chinese use chopsticks every day. 4)可以用作宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。 e.g. They named the child Jimmy. My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. She boiled the egg hard. The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. Tom is ill. Lets go and see him. I have guests coming. Can I have this parcel weighed here? I found everything in good condition. 宾语补语之前有时有as而意义不变。 e.g. I regard this as of great importance. 在有些情况下，宾语补语之前可用for. e.g. Dont take his kindness for granted. 6. 定语 定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1）形容词用作定语是大量的。 e.g. She is a natural musician. 2) 名词用作定语 e.g. a baby girl 3) 代词用作定语 e.g. Your hair needs cutting. 4) 数词用作定语 e.g. Theres only one way to do it. 基数词用作定语时可后置。 e.g. page 24 5) 副词用作定语时可后置 e.g. the room above 6）不定式用作定语 e.g. Her promise to write was forgotten. 不定式复合结构亦可用作定语 e.g. Its time for us to go. 7）动名词用作定语 e.g. a walking stick8) 分词用作定语 e.g. a sleeping child 9) 介词短语用作定语 e.g. This is a map of China.在“a+单位词+of+名词”结构中，定语往往不是“of+名词”，而是“a+单位词+of” a basket of eggs a bunch o flowers10) 从句用作定语，即定语从句。7. 同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）。这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任。同位语通常皆放在其所说明的名词（代词）后。 1）名词用作同位语是大量的 e.g. We have two children, a boy and a girl. 有时同位语和其所说明的名词是同一个名词。 e.g. She won her first victory, a victory that was applauded by the public. 2）代词用作同位语 e.g. They all wanted to see him. 3）数词用作同位语 e.g. They two went, we three stayed behind. 4）不定式与动名词用作同位语 e.g. Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition. The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 5) Of短语用作同位语 e.g. the city of Rome 6）从句用作同位语 e.g. The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 7) 同位语的位置，一般皆紧跟在其所说明的名词之后，但有时二者亦可被其它词语隔开。 e.g. The tickets cost five dollars each. 8) 同位语和定语一样，亦有限制性和非限制性之分。限制性同位语前后无逗号，非限制性同位语则有逗号。 e.g. My friend Wang Min is form Human. The man, my teacher, never rides a bike. 9) 动词、形容词、副词亦可有其同位语。 e.g. She is more than pretty, that is, beautiful. 10) 同位语与主语补语不同，前者强调等同，意在说明或解释，主语补语则弥补主语意义之不足，有表述主语的性质。 e.g. My friend Tom is a big football player. A mere child, he had to work like a beat of burden. 8. 状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。状语亦可修饰短语和从句。状语虽是一种修饰语，但有时在基本结构中却是必需的，否则基本结构的意义就不会完整。可作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1）副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置于句末、句首和句中。e.g. He speaks the language badly but reads it well. Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. He has always lived in that house. 2）名词用作状语，多置于句末 e.g. Wait a moment. 3) 一些指示代词、不定代词可以用作状语，多置于其所修饰的词语之前。 e.g. I cant eat that much. 4) 数词有时亦可用作状语，多置于动词之后 e.g. I hate riding two on a bike. 5) 某些形容词有时可以用作状语，多置于另一形容词之前。 e.g. new-born white hot 6) 不定式用作状语，多置于句末，强调时亦可置于句首。 e.g. At the top we stopped to look at the view. 7) 分词用作状语，多置于句首与句末，有时也置于句中。 e.g. Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone. 8) 介词短语用作状语，多置于句末和句首，但有时亦可置于句中。 e.g. Ive been feeling slightly ill for a week. At the moment hes out of work. Where on earth is it? 9) 从句用作状语，多置于句末或句首。 e.g. We chatted as we walked along. Even if she laughs at him, he adores her. 状语按其修饰关系共有两大类：一是一般状语，修饰句中动词、形容词、副词等句子成分；另一类是修饰或说明或连接句子的句子状语。第一类状语为数量多。按其用途，它又可分为时间、地点、方面、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等11方面。9. 独立成分 与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分（independent element）。可以用作独立成分的通常有三