GRE issue 部分高频提纲和作文.doc

Society170 The surest indication of a great nation is not the achievement of its rulers, artists, scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.同意：反对：类比人，一个人之有钱，人们会尊重，但能给朋友唱歌，弹琴，写诗即使没钱也会受人尊敬 United States is a great nation not only because it is the richest nation in the world, but also the numerous scientific discoveries and inventions, artists, and political leaders who make great contribution to the civilization of human beings. 在中国，我们的先人虽然比我们穷，但是中国人更加为我们灿烂的历史而自豪，因为那儿有四大发明four great inventions，有伟大的诗人，爱国者和医者。合：overall national power综合国力 is not only relies on the welfare of all its people,192 Success in any realms of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.36 The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.The greatness of individuals is the reflection of their contributions to society at that time as well as the influence in the future. If the achievement of a historical person is only decided by the people living in the 21st century, well unfortunately lose a valuable perspective from which we can objectively judge the person.Admittedly, it is true that many well-known great men who made great contribution is not fairly treated at their contemporaries. In the perspective of the people who live after them, people tend to judge them with equality. Kafka, a famous German novelist and short story writer, was a clerk in the bank all his life and died young and anonymous. Bruno, the famous Italian economist who improved and transmitted the heliocentric theory, is regarded as heretic and persecuted to death. Still, there are many that used to be obscure and misunderstood become well-known and respected by people now.Notwithstanding all the foregoing words, still it is too early to arrive at the conclusion that the greatness of individuals can not decided by those lived by their contemporaries. Two reasons are provided below to further illuminate my opinion.Firstly, what makes a great man is not what we think of him, but the devotions and the contributions to those living at their time. The cause to which a great individual dedicated his life, whether was appreciated or misrepresented at that time, cast tremendous influence on his era. In this way, we are able to have the chance to recognize them from the words of our ancestors indirectly. In other words, we are just reviewers in front of the awe-inspiring (formidable) history and sometimes correct the mistakes that been made by our predecessors. The bases upon which we judge a great historical figure is established by the people by their contemporaries. Take the above mentioned Bruno as an example. Although he was persecuted by the authority and the Catholic Church, Bruno, as a solid defender of the heliocentric theory, has made great contribution to the transmitting of the theory. Large numbers of people therefore learned the truth from him and he is thus remembered in the heart of numerous people at that time. In that way, people living after him are able to respect him and discuss about his greatness.Secondly, our value system has changed over time and will continue to change forever going. Judging a historical individual only by the contemporary value system is not sufficient, even unfair, to profoundly understand and investigate him. Even if the point of views nowadays are different from those hundreds of years ago, there is no absolutely right or wrong as people live in different social environment and grow up among different value systems. The greatness of any historical figure is the sum of now and the past. Both the people who live after them and those living with them play vital role in deciding his greatness. All in all, there is no denying that many individuals are treated dramatically different before and after his death. However, it is too imprudent to argue that the greatness is decided only by the people who live after him. Moreover, the contributions made to those living at their time are the fundamental reasons to the fame after his death. In the final analysis, both the judgments before and after his death are all the reflections of what he had done, even if they are quite the contrary.同时期 ： live by their contemporary/in the same period/at the same time不同： different/quite the contrary(opposite)/discrepancy(conspicuously different)/distinctionEducation51 Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.首先,讲一下现在教育的现状：people go to school to get information, they are told what to do and never make mistakes, they have to pass the standardized test and those who get straight As are valued as the talent. We take the standardized college entrance exams in China to get to college, Ironically, right now I am taking the standardized GRE analytical writing exams in order to study abroad. The whole education system is like a huge factory producing the workers and employees day and night. However, many people are just doing what they are asked or even forced to do, students dont know why, whats even worse, they fail to know who they are.然后，讲一下这并不是教育的本质。从词源和模板句组成第二段。第三段，Instead of industrialized education where we set standardization as the primary principle, Education need to be more agricultural, serving as a farmer to create the best conditions for the students to flourish. The ancient Chinese philosopher and educationist Confucius said thousands of years ago “we need to teach students according to their aptitude”. The translation is not so formulated and touching in the Chinese version, however, it tells us that we need to recognize the importance of individualized education which has been already known thousands of years ago. 兴趣是最好的老师 让学生学习他喜欢的事情，效率高，并且得到快乐 they will not disappointed, attract their attention However, never spoils them. Keep them away from the harmful interest and habit and induce them and cultivate their interest in those fields that will do them good. 128 It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrains our minds and spirits rather than set them free.首先：谈下教育的本质。In etymology, education derived from the latin word “educare”, meaning to “bring up”, which is similar to “educere”, meaning to “bring out within” and “ducere”, meaning “to lead”. In my opinion, the aim of education is to find out the sparkle of truth and beauty and candle the flame of life with peace, happiness and success.(or find the natural treasures buried deep in our heart)然后:We have steered too far away from the original purpose. Even if they are in name of our own good.1.对错误不正确的对待 we were told when young that never make mistakes, it is the worst thing to do. However, without mistakes, no one can make something original. We stigmatize mistakes. Piccasso once said, every child is born an artist. I do believe that every child and every student have been granted the extraordinary creativity equally by God. However, the current educational system is squandering them. We never grow into creativity, we grow out of it.2Lay too much emphasis on academic study. Dominate our view of intelligence. Ignore the value of 艺术的培养和其他方面的提高。如没有人教每天舞蹈 3. 在industrialization 的过程中，教育将工作放在第一位，很多老师和学生都把教育当做为了以后能够找到好工作的途径。因此很多放弃了我们的兴趣，仅仅为了以后可能的高工资。Technology and science88 Technologies not only influence but also determine the social customs and ethics.同意：influence。The influence of technology has gone all the way to education, industry, politics, medicine and every other corners of the modern world. Our society has never been so interrelated and interacted, earth has shrank into a village where one thing happened in one part will transmit to the rest immediately. Since the first roaring of the steam engine by Watt, our society has changed dramatically. Think about the incredible revolution of information technology happened recently and continues casting influence on our daily life, sending a message of ten words 100 years ago cost 50 dollars. Nowadays, we can send and get loads of information at the cost of nearly nothing. 但是，科技并不是决定社会文化和价值观的因素。When it comes to the question what determines the social customs and ethnics, many may answer in seconds that it is technology. However, it is not often the case. The customs and ethnics are so deep rooted in the history and culture that even technology can not steer them away. At least it is true in China who has a history of over 5000 years and consistent values and customs that survived the war, invasion and modernization. The customs and ethnics passed on from our ancestors all the way to the generation nowadays. For example, the ancestral worship, the value of unity, the honor of patriotism. And many customs like the Spring festival honoring the homeland and The Dragon Boat Festival commemorating the patriot and poet Qu Yuan in ancient China.196 Technology create more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life.1.许多问题technology are every thing that dont work well technology is always wrong, it never solves a problem without creating ten more. However, is it the case？2.但是不能忽视这个进步。从医学的角度：As the development of medical science, our quality of life have dramatically increased. Over the past century, life span has more than doubled, in the 1960, 110 millions of children was born and more than 25millions of them died before the age of five, seven years ago, 135 millions of children was born and less than 10 millions of them die before the age of five.从交通的角度：What takes years to travel from Europeans to America at the age of Columbus need only hours nowadays by plane. 从信息的角度：Sending ten words in a message has to cost 50 dollars one hundred years ago, nowadays, we can get loads of information at the cost of nearly nothing.3.这些问题是可以避免的，每个人会犯错误，在探索未知的领域的时候，科技也会犯错误。但是我们可以从中吸取教训。Which door to open and which door leaves closed.4There are inevitably some pain in the development of technology, but the pain is necessary before the rebirth of our society in the light of knowledge and science. Think about the great convenience and dramatic change technology has brought, lets embrace the marvelous and gorgeous future that technology will bring.如果主要说科技的不足的话：两个分论点：1. Unfortunately, science gathers knowledge much faster than society gathers wisdom. We have nothing in mind that what we are doing, thus we even lost control of what we have done. The atom bomb, the DDT, the plastic2. Furthermore, it is appalling obvious that science has exceeded the boundaries of humanity. Human cloning regardless the ethics. Zavos41 Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.There is no doubt that nonmainstream areas of inquiry bears important meaning in our daily life. However, before proved by scientific research, they serve only as something that helps us understand the phenomena which mainstream science could not explain by far. They are pseudoscience virtually.It is true that an increasing number of people are interested in those areas such as astrology, fortune-telling and psychic, especially the juveniles. My roommate, a boy who is fascinated in astrology and fortune-telling, bought a lot of books and will refer to the books whatever he do. He is also willing to help us to guide our life with his theory. Another example, when talking about ones girlfriend or boyfriend, constellation is an important reference to decide whether they are proper matches. Aries man is not a wise choice for a Cancer woman according to the theory of astrology, because the Rams imprudence and hot temper is devastating to the sensitive and insecure Cancer girl. These theories actually add a lot of fun to our daily life and offer plenty of plausible explanations to the unknown domain. Plenty of us find comfort and security by following their advices. Their powerful influence is infinite.However, we shall not go too far away, as they have not been proved yet. They are not true, whats worse, they are not even false. Those theories are filled with imagination, similar to a fiction or a novel. For instance, how can we tell the validity if the Onion says that you should wear red clothes and black shoes today or you will probably been bite by a dog. Or you roommate tells you that you should not choose the Aries man as your boy friend cause you are a Cancer girl. These claims inherently defy empirical proof or disproof. Besides, they bring about unnecessary confusion and worries. If we completely believe what they say, life will be a disaster.Another side effect is that many people use this kind of theory as means of deceiving. In China, for instance, some people tend to look for the so-called witch who can talk to the gods and kill evil demons instead of looking for doctors when they are ill. Whats lost is not only money but also their lives. Another example, many people stubbornly adherent the Falun Gong Cluts claim and pursuit the completeness of afterlife at the cost of others interest, even their own lives. Such kind of tragedies should not happen again.To sum up, although it is true that such nonmainstream areas of inquiry indeed play a vital role in our society, wed better watch out for their side effects and treat their point of views wisely and properly. Fascinate pseudoscience summarize再举一个例子：here is another example/another example/as another illustration/take another instance Research184 We can not theorize before we have data.模板同意：data重要 RCT we can not draw a conclusion from a specific individual who take the medicine and works. As it is entirely open to other possibilities, perhaps this kind of medicine is only effective to this specific man, or perhaps the heart disease automatically healed. In fact, a RCT，namely random-control text, should be conducted to examine the true effect of the medicine.不同意：It is almost impossible to only theorize after all the necessary data is ready. We can never know exactly whether the data is sufficient or not even if we feel that it is sufficient. Many laws and theories, like the Newtons law and Schleiden and Schwanns theory of cells and Daltons atom theory which regarded as the truth based on solid evidences, all proved later to have limitations and biases. If we postpone theorize until we got enough data, science will go nowhere but stick in the mud. 在没有足够证据的时候要勇于hypothesis. One of them is the famous theory called “continental drift”, proposed by German geophysicist Wegener, who found that the edges of the continents on two sides of the Atlantic Ocean match well.此外，hypothesis can orient the direction of finding the data. If we search the numerous evidences and statistics without the guide of certain theory, we will finally be drowned in the Sargasso sea overload with the weeds of data. Elbert Einstein once said that “theory can be proven by experiment, but there is no path leads from experiment to the birth of a theory.” Darwins theory of evolution 31 Money spent on research is almost a good investment, even when the result of that research is controversial.1. 同意insofar：1）重要性，也可以用自己话说。Research is the exploration of the unknown for true answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our enduring problems. Research is also the chief means by which we human attempt to satisfy our insatiable appetite for knowledge, and our craving to understand ourselves and the world around us.2）即使结果有争议，但经验更重要Furthermore, the value of the investment is beyond the result of the research. The process where scientists achieve precious experience bears equal importance. 3）有争议是难免的Moreover, the result of research is inevitably controversial. It is from the continual debate and discussion that can we find the ultimate truth.2. 但是要和well-being of humanity consistent. 军备竞赛，核武器，克隆人The breakthrough is no guarantee that it will bring benefits, conversely it may add our sufferings.Some chemical scientists invented DDT, a powerful pesticide that has been widely used in agriculture all over the world. DDT not only kills pests but also kills numerous fish, birds and other animals and accumulates in the environment and our body. (heal-all/cure-all/panacea) What has left for us finally is nothing but a silent spring.3. 要feasible 的科研。例如美国的“star war”Sometimes the time demanded is too long and the cost is too high while the objectives are too vague and the potential benefits are too speculative4. 不能盲目地投资科研，一些poorly-designed, repetition, biased, nonsense and weird.Perhaps the research is of low quality, the process of the research is unreasonable and imprudent, or perhaps someone have done similar research before, or perhaps the research lacks innovation, or the it is utterly unfeasible. Even if the cost of money is much lesser compared with other researches (investigations), it will never be a good investment because of the research is nonsense in itself.Inevitably potential circumspect（慎重的） justifiable/unjustifiable crucial40 Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their works make a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interest may seem.1.同意2.不可行，科研不是一个人的事情，它需要一个团队，资金，以及未来可能的收益。一个没有意义的研究，即使是科学家感兴趣的，但是无法得到社会和政府支持，没有机构愿意提供资金，没有人愿意合作，也是行不通的。3.有时候是非常危险甚至是对人类毁灭性的。由于短视DDT, atom bomb,platics,和不顾社会效应 cloning madman Zavos4.没有绝对自由，人的自由要在法律的框架中，道德的约束，在不损害他人和社会利益的前提下，相对自由。5.引用Kant 的一句话：“ ” acting autonomously need to go with the company of duties. Duty vs inclination freedom need to be guided by the moral laws. Any deed in academic need