虚拟语气lois.doc

虚拟语气、语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。、简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中（即两个人面对面讲话，用的不是现在时态而是过去式）。eg：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? .It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。Eg：、May good luck be yours! 、May you be happy! 、May you do even better! 、May you have a good time. 2、用动词原形。eg：(1).Long live the people! (2).“God bless you,”said the priest.三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！ 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。(1). Work ! (2). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) (3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)五、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。、从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用一、 虚拟条件句虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表if条件句中的谓与动词主句的谓与动词与现在的事实相反1. 行为动词用did 形式2. be动词用wereshouldwouldcould + 动词原形might 与过去的事实相反had + doneshouldwouldcould + have + donemight与将来的事实相反1. 行为动词用did2. should + 动词原形3. were to + 动词原形shouldwouldcould + 动词原形might If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫错综时间条件句。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.连词if的省略如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Had you not helped me， I should have failed. Were you in my position, you would do the same. 含蓄条件句：虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。but for、without、or、aloneBut for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. Alone, he would have been terrified. 2) 条件暗含在上下文中。 You might stay here forever. We would have succeeded. 3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。 You wouldnt know. I would like to come. 不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 二、虚拟语气在其他状语从句的中的运用：目的状语从句、方式状语从句和让步状语从句中的运用。(1).在以so that 和in order that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词要用：would/should/might/could/+动词原形。在lest that(以免、唯恐)，for fear that，in case that引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，结构用should + 动词原形。 I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail. The teacher went there early in order that the students would not be alone in the classroom. (2) 在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中可以使用虚拟语气,这类状语从句的谓语形式和一般虚拟条件句的谓语形式大致相同。1.表示与现在情况相反的从句谓语用相当于过去时的形式:He often behaves as though he were better than us. 2. 表示与过去情况相反的从句谓语用相当于过去完成时的形式:Carl talked about Paris as though he had been there himself. 3.从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“wouldcouldmight动词原形”。He opened his mouth as if he would say something 【注意:】as if 引导的方式状语从句若表示有明显迹象的确实要发生某事时，或可能被设想为真实的时候，可用陈述语气。在look, seem, taste, smell后,as if引导的从句中有时要用陈述语气。It looks as if they are in trouble. (3) 在even if , even though, whatever, lest, so long as等引导的让步状语从句中有时用虚拟语气,表示推测、让步、防备等含义,其中从句中情态助动词might, could, would等可以省略,谓语动词用动词原形；主句谓语可以是现在时、过去时或将来时形式。Though everyone desert you, I will not. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance. 【注意:】1) 在有些让步状语从句中,用may(might, would)动词原形构成谓语,把从句中具有中心意义的动词或形容词放在句首,用倒装语序:Come what may, we will stand together shoulder by shoulder. Rich though you might be, you cannot spend your money lavishly. 2) if, though, whatever, lest, so long as引导的状语从句谓语也可用陈述语气:Though we are poor, were still happy. As long as you are happy, it doesnt matter what you do. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用一些“It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that”引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形 。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。 常见形容词有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。Eg：Its important that we（should）work out a plan. It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at onceIts strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.用于本句型中的过去分词有：suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。Eg：It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonight【注意：】这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，eg：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式 eg：It is time the children went to bed. Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。 Eg：My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them.My advice is that you (should) treat her well. He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once. 【注意：】虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。Eg：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。Eg：The doctor suggested that he not go thereHe suggested that we should leave early.2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。1、从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 Eg; I wish it were true 2、从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望eg： I wish you would stay a little longer. 3、 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”I wish you had called yesterday【注意：】1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。Eg：I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 2如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down.3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。1、表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 I would rather you came tomorrow.2、 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义4). 有些动词，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。I never thought he should refuse. She did not expect that you should come. 练习：1. If I had had enough time, I_ my work. A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finished D.had finished 2.Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechild_.A.wouldnotdieB.wouldnothavediedC.couldnotdie D.couldnothavedied3. Mr Green requires that the students _ a composition every other week. A. write B. written C. would write D. will write4.Had he studied hard, he_ the exam. A. would passB. could passC. had passed D. would have passed 5.I wish I _ what is happening there in his room. A. knowB. knownC. knew D. should know 6.It is important that you _ sports every day. A. haveB. would haveC. must haveD. will have 7.If there were no water in the world, everything _. A. will die B. would die C. would have died D. would have been dead 8. _ what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. A. Had I knownB. If I know C. If I knew D. If had I known 9.He ordered that the work _ right away. A. should finishB. finished C. would be finished D. be finished 10. Ididntgototheparty,butIdowishI_there.A.wasB.were C.hadbeenD.went11. _ in your position, I would help him. A. Was IB. Were I C. If I am D. If I had been 12.IfIhadknownthat,I_so.A.wouldntdoB.wouldnthavedoneC.wontdo D. wont have do14.If you had spoken clearly, you would_. A. understand it B. have understood C. be understood D. have been understood 15. If you _ that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A. havent watchedB. hadnt watched C. didnt watch D. wouldnt have watched16. Supposing the weather _ bad, where would you go ?A. isB. will beC. wereD. be17. Did you go swimming last Sunday?No. We would have gone _ nicer.A. if the weather was B. would the weather have beenC. had the weather been D. should the weather be18. If he _, he _ that food.A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have takenC. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken19. If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he _ me from going.A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would preventC. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented20. _ it _ for your help, I couldnt have made any progress.A. Had; not been B. Should; not been C. Did; not been D. Not; been21If he had not missed the train, he _ by then. Amight get Bmight have got Cgot Dhad got 22If I _ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper. Adidnt run Bshouldnt run Chavent run Dhadnt run 23If only I _ my car！Ahadnt lost Bwould not loseCdidnt lose Dhavent lost24I could have done better if I _ more timeAhave had Bhad Chad had Dwill have had25 _ I be free tomorrow，I could go with youACouldBShould CMightDMust26 _ today，he would get there by FridayAWould he leave BWas he leavingCWere he to leave DIf he leaves27Without your help，we _ so muchAwill not achieve Bdidnt achieveCdont achieve Dwould not have achieved 28But for water，it _ impossible to live in the desertAis Bwas Cwere Dwouldnt be29Long _ the Party！Alives Blive Cwill live Dshould live30.Helen couldnt go to France after all. Thats too bad. Im sure she would have enjoyed it if _.A. shes goneB. shell goC. shed gone D. shed goKey:110 CBADC ABADC 1120 BBDDB CCBAA 2130 BDACB CDDBC巩固：1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had readC. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meet B. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speak B. spokeC. will speak D. to speak5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything.A. knew B. knowsC. has known D. had known7Mary insisted that Tom _ her the ring backAgives Bgive Cgiven Dhave given8My suggestion was that the meeting _ off till next weekAto put Bbe putCshould put Dbe putting9It was strange that we _ short of water in the country where it was always raining. Aare Bbe Cshould be Dboth B and C10Its a pity that he _ such a good chance. Ashould miss Bshould have missed Chas missed Dall the above11We could not have succeeded _ your help. Abut for Bwithout Cif it had not been for Dall the above 12-Ill be waiting for you at home. - _ I were busy and couldnt come?AWhat if BWhat when C How if DHow when13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _ so busy then.A. had been B. wereC. was D. would be14.Hes working hard for fear that he _.A. should fall behind B. fell behindC. may fall behind D. would fallen behind15.If it _ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rained B. would have rainedC. have seen D. rained16.Why didnt you buy a new car? I would have bought one if I _ enough money.A. had B. have hadC. would have D. had had17.If she could sew, _.A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat18.The Bakers arrived last night. If theyd only let us know earlier,_ at the station.A. wed meet them B. well meet them C. we