动词的时态1.doc

动词的时态一 。概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时, 现在完成时和现在完成进行时，过去完成时.1、 一般现在时（do)；2、 一般过去时(did)；3、 一般将来时( will do)（be going to do）；4、 现在进行时( be doing)；5、 过去进行时(was/were doing)；6、 将来进行时( will be doing)；7、 过去将来时( would do)；8、 现在完成时(have done)；9、 现在完成进行时( have been doing)；10、过去完成时( had done)；11、将来完成时( will have done)；12、过去将来完成时(would have done)；13、过去将来进行时( would be doing)（was/were going to do）；14、过去完成进行时( had been doing)；15、将来完成进行时( will have been doing)；16、过去将来完成进行时(would have been doing)二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时1） 用于经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 我每天早上七点离开家去上学。2）用于客观存在，普遍真理，科学事实等。如： The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。3）表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 4）用于现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性等。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。5）如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如： At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。6）一般现在时表将来。arrive,be,begin,come, go, leave, start等动词的一般现在时可用来表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 be to do表将来：The American president is to visit China later this year.7)在有些时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，可用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.=If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will If you leave at 6 tomorrow morning, you will arrive in Shanghai before 5 in the afternoon.When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。8) 以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。2.一般过去时1）表示过去某时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。I bought a dictionary yesterday.Were your parents in Shanghai last year?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 3）特殊句型：It is time for sb. to do sth “到时间了”；“该了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is（high） time（ that） sb. did sth.“（早）该了” It is（high） time（ that） sb. should do sth.“（早）该了”例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4)用过去时表现在，表示的是委婉语气。动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下?情态动词 could, would等。例如： Could you lend me your bike? Would you please help me with my homework?5）一般现在时代替一般过去时 “书上说”，“报纸上说”等。例如： The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。3.一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态；或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态；或将来某一时间的打算或计划。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow， next week， from now on（从现在开始）；in the future等。 一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）加动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。1)shall do 和 will do多指客观上将要发生的事情或动作等。will 在陈述句中用于各种人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： We will go to universities next year. Which paragraph shall I read first？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2）be going to do 表示将来打算去做或可能发生的事情。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3）be to do 按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to do意为即将/马上做某事或要发生的事情。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5）用现在进行时表示一般将来时。 动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等的现在进行时可以表示将来。如： Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？瞬间动词die： He is dying. 他要死了。（快要死了，而非正在死）。4.现在进行时 1) 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： I am having breakfast now. We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。2)表示长期的或习惯性的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时未必在写，但必定处于长期的或习惯性的写作状态。）3）表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天气越来越热了。4）与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。5）现在进行时表示一般将来时：见一般将来时第5）条。5. 过去进行时 1）表示过去某时正在进行的动作。I was visiting the museum last Sunday. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。2) when,while和 as的区别when和while都有“当时候”的意思。when既可表示某一点时间，也可以表示某一段时间 。在when引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的；可与主句中的谓语动词同时发生，也可在其后发生。例如：I was just reading a book when she came into my room.When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. while只能表示某一段时间，不能表示某一点时间。在while引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语动词只能是延续性的，而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。例如： While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle. You cant do your homework while youre watching TV.你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。 另外， while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态，而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。例如：While they were talking , the bell rang.I was doing my homework when my mother came back home yesterday evening. as 和 when 可与非延续性动词连用，而 while 只能与延续性动词连用。例如：Peter came in when/ while /as I was watching TV.I was watching TV when /as Peter came in. Peter came in when/as I was going to bed. as 和 while可用来指一段时间，但 as 强调主句与从句表示的动作同时发生，while强调主句表示的动作是在 while 从句的动作延续中发生。例如：As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks.I came in while he was reading an interesting book in his room.My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle.6. 将来进行时 表示将来某时或某段时间正在进行的动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。I will be watching South Korean TV soaps with my mother tomorrow afternoon.Shell be coming soon. 她会很快来的。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。7.（一般）过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。例如：I didnt know if he would come. = I didnt know if he was going to come.He said he would come here next Friday.She told us that she would not go with us，if it rained. He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.The building was to be completed next month.We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily.We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon.（此例句参考一般将来时第5）条：现在进行时表示一般将来时。 进而将come,go 等词的用法类推：过去进行时表示过去将来时）。8.现在完成时1)表示过去发生或完成的事情，对现在仍有某种影响；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。He has turned off the light.We have seen that film before.There has been too much rain in Shouxian this year.He has lived here since 1978.(后接点时间)He has lived in Shouxian for 3 years .（后接段时间）2) 比较一般过去时与现在完成时过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情；现在完成时强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。A:Have you seen the film ?B:Did you see the film ?分析：你看过这部电影吗？ A句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；B句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .分析：他在北京住了 8 年。A句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。B句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）I washed the car a moment ago.我刚才洗过车了。She has watered the flowers.她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）She watered the flowers yesterday.她昨天浇的花。现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历/事情。It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。It rained for five hours yesterday.昨天下了5个小时的雨。He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。He waited for her for two hours and then went home.他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。I have reviewed two lessons this morning.今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）句子中如有表过去时间的词或短语（如yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，一般不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.3）常用现在完成时的句型 It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，常用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句常用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。（Attributive clause）4）注意：非延续性动词(终止性动词/瞬间动词)在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。常用非延续性动词如：open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, get,leave,borrow, lend, buy,join等（表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束）。例1. He has joined the Party for two years. (错误）由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for two years 连用。可改为同义句He has been a Party member for two years. 或He has been in the Party for two years.例2. The old man has died for 5 years. (错误) 可改为同义句：The old man died 5 years ago. 或 The old man has been dead for 5 years. 或It is /has been 5 years since the old man died. 或Five years has passed since the old man died.但在否定句中有时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I havent left here for 3 years.She hasnt heard from him for 3 weeks. have/has been to 曾经去过某地（已经回来了）have/has gone to 已去某地（在途中或已到；关键是还没回来）。例如：They have been to Sweden many times.-Where is he?-He has gone to Beijing.Have you ever been to Huainan?9.现在完成进行时1）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，可能刚刚停止，也可能继续进行。We have been working for 10 hours.（动作刚刚停止）。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）。I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作可能将继续下去）。 They have been quarrelling since they got married.（动作可能将继续下去）。 2）表示直到说话时为止的一段时间内发生的动作。We have been working for 10 hours.I have been waiting for you for half an hour.It has been raining for two hours.3）有时表示动作的重复。He has been coughing a lot lately.Youve often been making mistakes like this. 你老犯这样的错误。10.过去完成时1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。-|-|-| 过去的过去 过去 现在 将来2）主要用法 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我已在车站等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中。She said that she had seen the film before.I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她从未去过巴黎。 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend, wish, expect, suppose等可用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：a. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. b. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.c. 两个或两个以上的动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它弄丢了。d. 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.11.将来完成时 1） 构成:will（或shall）have done2） 主要用法：表示将来某一时或在另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by the end of this year. We will have learned 3000 English words by the end of this year.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. She will have finished her homework when her mother comes back.三.巩固练习:1、I ll give the book to him as soon as he _ back.2、Has the baby _ crying yet? (stop)3、I don t know whether Mother_ me to Beijing next month.(take)4、She _ on her coat and went out. (put)5、 “What are they doing?” “They_ ready for the sports meeting.” (get)6、The boy asked his mother _him go and play basketball.(let)7、Im sorry to keep you _ for a long time. (wait)8、It _ (take) him half an hour_ (finish) his homework yesterday.9、If it _ an interesting film, well see it tomorrow. (be)10、They usually _ (do) their homework after supper.11、Listen! Who _(sing) in the next room now?12、_(be) your parents in Shanghai last year?13、Mr. Yu _(teach) us maths since 1982.14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _ (not rain) tomorrow.15、Li Ming often _ (listen) to the radio in the morning.16、A: “Father, may I go out and play football?” B: “_you _(do) your homework?”17、All the people in the town are glad _(hear) that a famous musician _ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)18、Our teacher told us if it _(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.19、They often _ (play) football in the afternoon.20、A: Whatre you doing Dad? B: I_(mend) the radio.21、Lets _(carry) the boxes to the house.22、Yesterday she _(want) very much to see the film, but she couldnt _(get) a ticket.23、I _(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.24、Mike _(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.25、He _ (write) four letters to his wife every month.26、Don t make any noise, Grandma _(sleep).27、His aunt _ (do) some cooking when he came in .28、When they _(reach) the station, the train had already left.29、There _(be) a meeting next Monday.30、We _ (know) each other since our boyhood.31、Sometimes my father _ (come) back home late.32、They _ (have) an English evening next week.33、Im very glad_ (hear) that.34、Wei Fang isnt here. She _ (go) to the reading-room.35、The story _ (happen) long ago.36、They _ (visit) the History Museum last week.37、Zhang Hong _ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.38、She _ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening39、Dont go out. It _(rain) now.40、Li Ping_ (write) a composition every week.41、The scientist _ (give) us a talk yesterday.42、My parents _ (live) in Beijing since 1949.43、Look! The young worker_ (show) the students around the factory now.44、They _ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.45、The students_ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.46、The windows of our lab _ (clean) once a week.47、Our teacher _ (join) the party twenty years ago.48、The boys_ (have) a basketball match now. Lets _(go) and _(watch).49、She_ (work) in this factory for ten years.50、“What makes you _ (think) Im a farmer?” the Frenchman asked.高考真题(04全国)1.Lets keep to the point or we _any decisions.A. will never reach B.have never reached C.never reach D.never reached（04北京）2.- Sorry to have interrupted you .Please go on. - Where was I? - You _ you didnt like your father job.A .had said B.said C.were saying D.had been saying（04北京）3.I arrived late;I _ the road to be so icy.A .wouldnt expect B.havent expected C.hadnt expected D.wasnt expecting（04北京）4.I _ while reading the English textbook.Luckily,my roommate woke me up in time!A .had fallen asleep B.have fallen asleep C.fell asleep D.fall asleep（03全国）5.All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _.A .has grown B.is growing C.grew D.had grown(04全国)6.-Has Sam finished his homework today?-I have no idea.He _ it this morning.A .did B.has done C.was