2011广西学士学位英语考试指南第六课.doc

Culture And Media文化和媒体It is easy to think of examples of culture but difficult to define the term. The British musician and artist Brian Eno had a try, suggesting that “Culture is what we dont have to do”. We can explain his definition by considering how much culture is a part of the smallest details of our lives: we have to eat, but we dont have to eat rice as Japanese sushi or Spanish Paella; we have to walk, but we dont have to dance Cowboy line dances or Viennese waltzes. Whatever we dont strictly have to do, from food to fashion to furniture, becomes part of our individual cultures.我们很容易就认为例子中的文化,但是很难定义术语。英国音乐家和艺术家布莱恩伊诺公司有一个尝试,暗示说:“文化是我们不需要去做”。我们可以解释他的定义,考虑到多少文化是最微小的细节的一部分,在我们的生活中:我们有吃的,但我们不必吃米饭当做日式寿司或西班牙文的西班牙肉菜饭;我们已经走了,但我们没有去跳舞或维也纳华尔兹舞牛仔线。无论我们并不是严格必须要做的事情,从食品到时尚,家具,成为我们个人的文化的一部分。Culture often results from a problem-solving activity. When the Indian peasant woman prepares her food, the dried dung of cows serves as fuel. It is an easily available fuel source in a country lacking extensive forests or coal and oil deposits. Such fuels would, in any case, be too expensive. And because dried cow dung burns slowly and evenly at a low temperature, the woman can leave the cooking fire unattended and go to work in the field while the evening meal slowly simmers.文化往往结果从解决问题的活动。当印度农民女人准备她的食物,干燥后的牛的粪便作为燃料。它是一种很容易找到,在一个国家缺乏燃料来源广泛的森林或煤和石油矿床。这种燃料将,在任何情况下,太贵了。因为干牛粪,慢慢地、均匀地燃烧以较低的温度下,女人可以离开烹饪火无人值守,去在野外工作的中心,而慢慢地吃晚饭的。In China, where coal has been the principal cooking fuel for centuries, a different cuisine has emerged. Coal produces extremely high heat for a short period of time. Dishes cooked using coal ideally feature foods cut into small pieces and quickly stir-fried. Food cultures have emerged not just from the ingredients available locally, but also the tools and methods available to prepare them.在中国,煤炭已被校长煮饭的燃料,几个世纪以来,一种不同的菜已经出现。煤产生极高的热持续很短的一段时间。用来煮菜最理想的食物用煤特点切成小块,并迅速炒菜。饮食文化方面也出现了一些不只是从配料当地就有,而且还可用的工具和方法以帮助他们。Although many of the reasons for the development of these culture food practices are changing, people still rely on parts of them. Home chefs in India and China are both increasingly likely to use microwave ovens to heat up pre-made foods but still favor curries and diced vegetables and meat respectively.虽然许多的原因,这些文化的发展,人们的行为,都改变食物依然依靠身体的某些部位。家里厨师在印度和中国都更加可能会用微波炉来加热食物,但仍然热衷于前咖喱和切碎的蔬菜和肉的分别。Shifts in traditional culture are influenced by technology, as well as the media. Media includes not just traditional news sources such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television, but also movies, which often depict cultures in positive and sometimes negative ways. In whatever form, media increasingly informs and shapes opinion around the world and works in several ways to spread cultures, to destroy them and to preserve them.在传统文化的变化受技术,以及媒体。不只是传统媒体包括新闻来源,如报纸、杂志、广播电台和电视,也常常画有文化的影片,在积极和消极的方式有时。以何种方式,媒体日益通知并且形状的意见和工作在世界各地传播文化的几种方式、将他们灭绝,便于保存。The most striking example of media spreading culture has been in the international adoption of rock and roll music. Although record producers have tried to make money by selling advertising alongside music videos, the real impact has been a grass roots movement among young people who have heard new sounds that they relate to and have adopted. Often this virus - like adoption of rock and roll music had been moderated and redefined, such as often incorporating traditional instruments to accompany the usual guitars and drums.最显著的例子媒体传播文化已经在国际收养的摇滚乐。虽然记录生产商都试图赚钱靠卖广告与音乐录影带,真正的影响一直是一个草根运动在年轻人当中听见的人,新的声音,它们与和采用了。通常这种病毒譬如所采用的摇滚音乐曾经是节制和重定义,如经常将传统仪器来陪通常的吉他和鼓。However, such pan-cultural phenomena run the risk of marginalizing traditional musical arts. It only takes a generation or two for a musical tradition to disappear if older practitioners die before passing on their skills to the young. When a new cultural phenomenon moves in and dominates, it can suppress an existing culture.然而,这样的泛文化现象冒险1613传统音乐艺术。只需一两代人对于一个音乐的传统消失如果年长的从业者死以前,通过在他们的技能对年轻人。当一种新的文化现象进入与占主导地位,它能抑制现存的文化。But media can also have an opposite role, helping to preserve culture. By documenting declining cultural practices such as various art forms in film and print, media has not only preserved these cultural practices, but also helped to popularize and develop them. One example of this is the spread of Asian martial arts, through movies.但是媒体也可以有一种相反的作用,有助于保护文化。通过记录下降的社会习俗,像是在电影和各种艺术形式打印,媒体不仅保存这些文化习俗,但也帮助推广和开发它们。一个典型的例子是亚洲武术的传播,通过电影。Martial arts have been practiced in China and the rest of Asia for thousands of years. In the past century or so, they had limited impact internationally, mostly through traveling martial arts masters who would sometimes demonstrate their abilities in touring shows. However, with the advent of cinema, movie stars such as Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Lee began to make martial arts popular among countless young viewers. Through such movies people were exposed to martial arts as well as other things Asian started spread. Today, interest in martial arts continues and almost any action movie you might see is likely to feature at least one martial arts sequence.武术已被实践在中国和亚洲其他地方有几千年的历史。在过去的一个世纪左右的时间里,他们的影响有限,在国际上,大部分是通过旅游武术大师们,有时会显示出他们的能力在巡回演出。然而,随着人口的电影院,电影明星像李小龙、成龙和射流李开始把武术深受无数年轻观众的。通过这样的电影人被暴露在武术以及其他事情开始传播亚洲。今天,兴趣在武术仍在继续,几乎所有的动作片,你会发现很可能出现至少一个武术序列。As foreigners influenced by movies come to Asia to learn about martial arts, they often pick up other cultural ideas and customs as well and return home