新一语法总结范文.doc

新一语法总结范文 新一语法总结一时态一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1.一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。 含有be动词的句子He isa teacher.The girlis very beautiful.Tim and Jack arestudents.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is hea teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim andJackstudents?变否定句在be动词后面加not He is not a teacher.The girlis notverybeautiful.TimandJack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he is.No,he is not.Yes,she is.No,she is not.Yes,they are.No,they are not.不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词He likesbooks.She likeshim.The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型Does helike books?Does shelike him?Does the doglikebones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt,动词变为原型He doesnt likebooks.She doesnt likehim.The dogdoesnt likebones.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he does.No,he doesnt.Yes,she does.No,she doesnt Yes,it does.No,it doesnt.注意第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。 其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath.We havesome meat.The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加do Do you want to have a bath?Do wehave any meat?Do thestudentslikesmart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加dont.You dont wantto havea bath.We dont haveanymeat.The studentsdont likesmartteachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I do.No,I dont.Yes,we do.No,we dont Yes,they do.No,they dont.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。 构成主语be动词动词的现在分词其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录）We arehaving lunch.He isreading a book.The dogis running after a cat.The boysare swimmingacross theriver.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are wehaving lunch?Is hereading a book?Is thedog runningafter acat?Are theboys swimmingacross theriver?变否定句在be动词后面加not Wearenothaving lunch.Heis not readinga book.The dogisnotrunningafteracat.The boysare swimmingacross theriver.特殊疑问句what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词What areyou doing?What isshe doing?What isthedogdoing?(必背)没有进行时的动词表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作1.表示感觉，感官的词see,hear,like,love,want,2.have,has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,last night,the daybefore yesterday,3days ago,含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，am,is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were I was at the butchers.You werea student a year ago.The teacherwas verybeautiful ten years ago.变疑问句将be动词移动到句首Were youat thebutchers?Were youa studenta year ago?Was the teacher verybeautiful tenyears ago?变否定句在be动词后面加not I was notatthebutchers.You werenotastudentayear ago.The teacherwas notverybeautifultenyearsago.肯定回答否定回答Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasnot.Yes,you were.No,you werenot.Yes,he/she was.No,he/she wasnot.特殊疑问句What didyou do?(必背)不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录I finishedmy homework yesterday.The boywent to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Streeta year ago.King Streetayear ago.变疑问句在句首加did，动词变为原型Did youfinish yourhomeworkyesterday?Did theboy go toa restaurant?Did theSawyerslive atKing Streetayear ago?King Streetayearago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not I did not finishmy homeworkyesterday.The boydid not go toa restaurant.The Sawyers didnotliveatKing Streetayearago.KingStreetayearago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I did.No,I didnt.Yes,he did.No,he didnt.Yes,they did.No,they didnot.4.现在完成时构成主语+助动词have,has+过去分词用法1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just,usually,already,since等时间副词连用I havejust hadlunch.(饱了，不用再吃了)He hashad acup oftea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They havealready hadtheir holiday.（不能再度假了）The boyhas alreadyread thebook.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时Have youfinished yourhomework?Have youbeen toBeijing?Have heseen thefilm?3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I havelived inBeijing fortwenty years.I haveworked forthis schoolfor1year.4)表示一种经历，经验去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情I havenever hada bath.I havenever seena film.I havenever been to cinema.I haveever beento Paris.Have beento表示去过，have gone to表示去了I havebeento London.(人已经回来)He hasgoo London.（人还在那里）5)表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用I havelost my pen.I havehurt myself.He hasbee a teacher.She hasbroken myheart.句型变化变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g.Have youlost yourpen?I havenot lostmypen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I have.No,I havenot.特殊疑问句What haveyou done?What hashe done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错Ive leftBeijing for3days.对I leftBeijing3days ago.I havebeen awayfrom beingfor3days.5.一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和tomorrow,next year,the dayafter tomorrow,the yearafter the next,in fivehourstime,etc.表示将来的词联用结构主语+助动词will+动词原形I will go toAmerica tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack willmove into his new house tomorrow morning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go toAmerica tomorrow?Will thepilot flyto Japanthe monthafter the next?Will Jackmove into his newhouse tomorrowmorning?变否定句在助动词后面加not I will not gotoAmerica tomorrow.The pilotwill notflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jack willnot moveinto hisnewhousetomorrowmorning肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I will.No,I willnot.Yes,he/she will.No,he/she willnot.Yes,he will.No,he willnot.特殊疑问句What will you do?6.过去完成时用法在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。 结构had+过去分词After she had finished her homework,she wentshopping.They hadsold thecar before I askedthe price.The trainhad leftbeforeIarrived atthe station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。 变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had shefinishedher homework?变否定句在助动词后面加not Shehadnt finishedherhomework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,shehad.No,she hadnt.特殊疑问句What hadshe done?7.过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when,while,as引导的状语从句中。 结构was/were+doing Whenmy husbandwas goinginto thedining roomthis morning,he droppedsome coinson thefloor.While wewere havingdinner,my fatherwas watchingTV.8过去将来时结构would doShe saidshe wouldgo herethenextmorning.一特殊句型there be句型，be going to结构1.Be going to结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构主语+be动词+going to+动词原型I amgoing tomake a bookcase.They aregoing topaint it.The fatheris going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going tomake a bookcase?Are they going topaint it?Is the father going to givethe bookcasetohisdaughter?变否定句在be动词后面加notI am notgoingtomake a bookcase.They aregoingtopaint it.The fatherisnotgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I am.No,Iamnot.Yes,they are.No,they arenot.Yes,he is.No,he isnot.特殊疑问句What areyougoingto do?What aretheygoingto do?What isthefathergoingto do?(必背)2.There be句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)There is单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There isa bookin thisroom.There isa penon the tableThere are复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There aretwo pens on thetable.There arethree schoolsthere.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is thereabookin thisroom?Are theretwo penson thetable?变否定句在动词后面加not There isnotabookin thisroom.There arenot twopensonthetable.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,there is.No,there isnot.Yes,there are.No,there arenot.一问句一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句一般疑问句:助动词/be动词+主语Are youateacher?Do you wantto haveacup oftea?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What isyour name?选择疑问句:or Doyouwantbeef orlamb?反意疑问句:肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You dont needthat pen,do you?否定疑问句:一般疑问句+否定词Arent youlucky?Dont youwant havea rest?二冠词用法a/an/the的一般用法详细见笔记三限定词some,any,many,muchsome,any修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用somemany修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用a lot of,在否定句中表示很多用many,much.I havea lotof money.I dont havemuch money.四名词种类，复数，名词所有格1名词分为可数名词和不可数名词不可数名词无法分开的东西water,tea,bread,milk,rice（米）抽象的东西love,beauty,coldness（寒冷）不可数名词有以下特点不能用a,an修饰不能加s和单数be动词或动词搭配可数名词六副词用法及形容词变副词的变化副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。 如The bookis verygood.He runsfast.She camehere quiteearly.Certainly Iwillgowith you.变化1直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully,slow-slowly,2以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I,加-ly,happy-happily,lucky-luckily3有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化fast,hard,late4有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately,一情态动词的使用can,must,may,might,need,1情态动词can（能够）,must（必须）,may（可以）结构主语+can/must/may+动词原型He canmake thetea.Sally canair theroom.We canspeak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can hemake thetea?Can Sallyair theroom?Can wespeak English?变否定句在情态动词后面加not He cannot makethetea.Sally cannotair theroom.We cannotspeak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he can.No,he cannot.Yes,she can.No,she cannot.Yes,we can.No,we cannot.特殊疑问句What canyou do?(必背)注意情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。 2Must/have to的区别must表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做must只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3must,may,might表示猜测must do表示对现在事实的猜测must havedone表示对过去事实的猜测must havebeen doing表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测may/might do,may/might havedone表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。 cant/couldnt表示不可能4need用法表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式I needa pen.Doyouneed anybeer?No,I dont.I need tohavea rest.Need doing=needtobe done，表示被动The flowersneed watering.Need在否定时做情态动词使用You needntgoso early.=You dont needto goso early.Must Iclean thedesk rightnow?No,you neednt.一不定代词及不定副词I lookedfor mybook everywhere,but Icant findit anywhere.If youwant gosomewhere,if youwanttobe someone,you mustwake up.Help!Somebody?Anybody?You arereally something.Since everybodyis here,lets beginour class.Where didyougo?I wentnowhere.Nobody isat home.I havenothing left.二感叹句What+名词+主语+谓语What abeautiful girlshe is!How+形容词+主语+谓语How beautifulthegirlis!三祈使句第二人称let+其他人称代词祈使句的否定，加dont反意疑问祈使句（第二人称）祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。 肯定句动词原型例，Come here,please.Go downstairs,please.Stand up.Sit down.Be quiet.Be careful.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾Come in,Amy.Sit downhere,Tom.Mary,give me abookplease.否定Dont+动词原型Dont ehere.Dont sitdown.Dont standup.Dont giveme it.let sb.do Letme pass.Let us havearest.Lets havearest.(反意疑问)Lets havea walkalong theriver,shall we?Let usgo outfor adrink,willyou?四倒装句so/neither的倒装eg.Hecanswim.So canI.I didntgoto class.Neither didI.结构so/neither+be+主语so/neither+助动词+主语so/neither+情态动词+主语一般现在时,do,does/am,is,are现在进行时,am,is,are一般过去时,did现在完成时,have,has一般将来时,will,shall,过去进行时，was,were过去完成时，had过去将来时,would五直接引语/间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化时态，人称，时间地点及指示词时态变化一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be goingtowas/were goingto/would can-could may-might时间地点及指示词的变化herethere,tomorrowthenextday,the followingday,thisthat人称变化根据句意改变人称。 六直接宾语/间接宾语主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。 所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。 He givesmeabook.me间接宾语,abook直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for主语及物动词直接宾语介词+间接宾语Give meabook.Give thebook tome.Send hisa letter.Send aletter to him.Show himthe new dress.Show thenewdresstohim.一从句宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）宾语从句如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。 定语从句表语从句状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时What willyou doif youwin alotofmoney?If itrains tomorrow,Iwillstay athome.二动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII)结构to do,用法可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。 做宾语在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如want,like,ask,try做宾补want sb.to do,ask sb.todo,like sb.todo附录代词及be动词名词复数动词的第三人称单数形式动词现在分词动词过去式过去式的读音形容词的比较级名词的复数动词的第三人称单数形式动词现在分词动词过去式过去式的读音形容词和副词的比较级形容词和副词的最高级常见缩写is=s Iam=Im are=reisnot=isnt/iznt/arenot=arent/a:nt/do not=dont doesnot=doesnt was=sdidnot=didnt cannot=cant have=ve has=shavenot=havent hasnot=hasntwill=ll willnot=wont shallnot=shant BXawT6sP2o L)kH%gC ZcyV7uR3qM+mI*hE!dAW9wS5rO1nK)jG$fCY bxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4r N0mJ(iF!eBXa xT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qM+mI*hE!dAW9w S5rO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0mJ(iF!eBXaxT6sP2oL)k H%gCZcyV7uR3qM+mI*hE!dAW9wS5rO1nK)jG$fCYbx U7tQ2p M-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0mJ(iF!eBXax T6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7u R3qM+mI*hE!d AW9wS5rO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#cz W8vR4rN0mJ(i F!eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3q M+mI*hE!dAW9wS5rO1n K)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0mJ(iF$eBXaxT6s P2oL)k H%gCZc yV7uR3qM+mI*hE!dAW9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbx U7tQ2p M-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0mJ(iF$eBXax T6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qM+mI*hE!d AW9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-l H&hD#czW8vR4rN0mJ(iF$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3q M+mI*hE!dAW9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0mJ(iF$e BXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qM+mI*hE!dA W9wS5sO1nK)j G$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0nJ(iF$eBXaxT6sP2o L)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qM+m I*hE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7t Q2pM-lH&hD#c zW8vR4rN0nJ(iF$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcy V7uR3qM+mI*hE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4rN0n J(iF$eB XaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qM+mI*hE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCY bxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vR4r N0nJ(iF$eBXa xT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7u R3qM+mI*hE!dAX9w S5sO1nK)jG$f CYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eB XaxT6sP2oL)k H%gCZcyV7uR3qM+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1n K)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2p M-lH&hD#czW8vS4rN0n J(iF$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7u R3qM+mI*iE!d AX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#cz W8vS4rN0nJ(i F$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%g CZcyV7uR3qM+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1n K)jG$fC YbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#czW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eBXa xT6s P2oL)kH%gCZc yV7uR3qM+mI*iE!dAX9w S5sO1nK)jG$fCYbx U7tQ2pM-lH&h D#czW8v S4rN0nJ(iF$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fC YbxU7tQ2pM-l H&hD#dzW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eBX axT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3q N+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#dzW8v S4rN0nJ(iF$e BXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV7uR3qN+mI*iE!dA X9wS5sO1nK)j G$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#dzW8vS4rN0n J(iF$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZ cyV7uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYb xU7tQ2pM-lH&hD#dzW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eBXax T6sP2oL)kH%g CZcyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1n K)jG$fC YbxU7tQ2pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eBX axT6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV8uR3q N+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lI&hD#dzW8v S4rN0nJ(iF$eBXaxT6sP2oL)kH%gCZ cyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)j G$fCYbxU7tQ2pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eBXax T6sP2oL)kH%gCZcyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG$fCYbxU7tQ2pM0mJ*iF!e AXawT5sP1oK)kG%fCZbyV7uQ3qM+lI*hE#dA W9vS5rO0nK(j F$fBYa xU6tP2pL-lH&gD#cz V8vR4qN0mJ*i F!eAXawT5sP1oK)kG%fCZbyV7uQ3qM+lI*hE#dAW9vS5rO0nK(jF$fBYaxU6tP2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4qN0mJ*iF!eAXawT5s P1oK)k G%fCZb yV7uQ3qM+lI*hE#dAW9vS5rO0nK(jF$fBYax U6tP2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4qN0mJ*iF!eAXawT5sP1oK)kG%fCZbyV7uQ3qM+l I*hE#d AW9vS5rO0nK(jF$fBYaxU6tQ2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4q N0mJ*iF!eAXa w T5sP1oK)kG%gCZbyV7uQ3qM+lI*hE#dAW9v S5rO0nK(jF$f BYaxU6tQ2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4qN0mJ*iF!eA XawT5sP1oK)k G%gCZbyV7uQ3qM+lI*hE#dAW9vS5rO0nK(jF$fBYaxU6tQ2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4qN0m J*iF!eAXawT5sP1oK)kG%gCZbyV7u Q3qM+lI*hE#dAW9vS5rO0nK(jF$fBYaxU6t Q2pL-lH&gD#c zV8vR4qN0mJ*iF!eAXawT5sP1oK)kG%gCZby V7uQ3qM+lI*h E#dAW9vS5rO0nK(jF$f BYbxU6tQ2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4qN0m J*iF!eAX awT5sP1oL)kG%gCZ byV7uQ3qM+lI*hE#dAW9vS5r O0nK(jF$fBYb xU6tQ2pL-lH&gD#czV8vR4qN0mJ*iF!eAXby U7tQ3pM-lI&h D#dzW8v S4rN0nJ(iF$eBXaxT6tP2oL-kH%gD ZcyV8uR3qN+m I*iE!dAX9wS5sO1nK)jG%fCY byU7tQ3pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4r N0nJ(iF$eBXa xT6tP2oL-kH%gDZcyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9w S5sO1oK)jG%f CYbyU7tQ3pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eB YaxT6tP2oL-k H%gDZcyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1oK)jG%fCYby U7tQ3pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eB YaxT6tP2oL-kH%gDZcyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wS5sO1oK)jG%fCYby U7t Q3pM-lI&hD#d zW8vS4rN0nJ(iF$eBYaxT6tP2oL-kH%gDZcy V8uR3qN+mI*i E!dAX9wS5sO1oK)jG%fCYbyU7tQ3pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4rN0n J(iF$eBYaxT6tP2oL-kH%gDZcyV8uR3qN+m I*iE!dAX9wT5sO1oK)jG%fCY byU7tQ3pM-lI&hD#dzW8vS4r N0nJ(jF$eBYa xT6tP2oL-kH%gDZcyV8uR3qN+mI*iE!dAX9wT5sO1oK)jG%f CYbyU