LOGIC书评.docx

LOGIC:A Very Short IntroductionMy ScheduleContentsPlanned Finish DateActual Finish Date1Validity:What Follows from What?3.33.22Truth Functions-Or Not?3.63.63Names and Quantifiers:Is Nothing Something?3.103.94Descriptions and Existence:Did the Greeks Worship Zeus?3.133.135Self-Reference:What is this Chapter About?3.153.156Necessity and Possibility:What will be Must be?3.203.207Conditionals:Whats in an If?3.243.258The Future and the Past:Is Time Real?3.303.319Identity and Change:Is Anything Ever the Same?4.44.510Vagueness:How do you Stop Sliding down a Slippery Slope?4.104.911Probability:The Strange Case of the Missing Reference Class.4.154.14Book BlurbsLogic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. In this lively and accessible introduction, Graham Priest shows how wrong this conception is. He explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic deals with issues ranging from the existence of God and the reality of time to paradoxes of probability and decision theory. Along the way, the basics of formal logic are explained in simple, non-technical terms, showing that logic is a powerful and exciting part of modern philosophy. Chapter Plot/SummaryValidity:What Follows from What?This is the topic of the chapter.And the author tells us what is the logic mainly.And with some experience of discourse and logicians classic example for us to show the charm of logic.NotesLogical adj. 符合逻辑的Eg:Therewasalogicalexplanation.存在一个合理的解释。Criticism n. 批评，批判Eg:ThecriticismthattheEnglishdonottrulycareabouttheirchildrenwasoftenvoiced.常有人指责英国人并不真正关心自己的子女。Irrational adj. 荒谬的，不合理的Eg:Hisbehaviourwasbecomingincreasinglyirrational.他的行为变得越来越不理智了。Inference n. 推理Eg:Thereweretwoinferencestobedrawnfromherletter.由她的信可以得出两个结论。Premiss n. 前提Eg:Iwouldntconcedehispremiss,sonaturally,Idontdrawhisconclusion.我不会承认他的前提，所以自然也就得不出他的那种结论。Elementary adj. 基本的Eg:Thisisanelementaryquestion.这是一个基本的问题。Intellectual n. 知识分子，脑力劳动者Eg:Highlevelsofleadcoulddamagetheintellectualdevelopmentofchildren.铅含量过高会损害儿童的智力发展。Personal opinionsThis chapter is mainly about what is the logic.And at the beginning of the time when there is a sentence has not been able to understand,”If it was so,it might be;and if it were so,it would be;but as it isnt,it aint.Thats logic.”I can only get a rough idea of the effect, but I cant go deep into it.Besides,author give us two inferences to lead us into a world of logic.Chapter Plot/SummaryTruth Functions-Or Not?This is the topic of the chapter.In this chapter, the author has put forward some logical connection words, such as:ab、ab、a&b、a.etc.Besides,the author also giving them the truth table to make readers better understand their differences.NotesValidity n. 效力；正确性Eg:Shockedbytheresultsoftheelections,theynowwanttochallengethevalidityofthevote.选举结果令他们很震惊，他们现在要对选举的可信性提出质疑。Intuition n. 直觉Eg:Herintuitionwastellingherthatsomethingwaswrong.她的直觉告诉她一定出了什么问题。Carpenter n. 木匠Eg:Thatcarpenterwantedtobecomealawyer,buthewasadvisedtosticktohislast.那个木匠想当律师，但别人劝他安分守己地干他自己的老本行。Chain n./v. 链条/禁锢Eg:Hedspentfourandahalfyearsinwindowlesscells,muchofthetimeinchains.他已经在没有窗户的牢房里呆了4年半，多数时间都戴着镣铐。Negation n. 否认；对立面Eg:Thistheoryisanegationofalltraditionalbeliefs.这理论否定了一切传统信念。Relevant adj. 有关的；确切的Eg:Makesureyouenclosealltherelevantcertificates.要保证把所有相关证书都放在里面。Vacuously adv. 无意义地；茫然若失地Eg:After I read the book,I sat there vacuously.当我读完这本书之后，被深深的感动了。Personal opinionsDisjunctive and conjunctive in discrete mathematics is difficult, in this chapter, the author in easy to understand language to show us the knowledge of the them.Main Idea of the Chapter a is T if a is F. ab is T just if at least one of a and b is T. a&b is T just if both of a and b are T.Chapter Plot/SummaryNames and Quantifiers:Is Nothing Something?This is the topic of the chapter.The author of this chapter is mainly about that there are lots of inference that appear to work in a quite different way.Besides,The author also tells us some knowledge about predicate logic.NotesValid adj. 有效的，合法的Eg:Theyputforwardmanyvalidreasonsfornotexporting.他们提出了很多不出口的正当理由。Predicate n. 谓语Eg:Interchangeofsubjectandpredicateofaproposition.一个命题的主语和谓语的交换。Unicorn n. 独角兽Eg:Hesmodelledaunicorninwax.他用蜡制作了一个独角兽。Disconcertingly adv. 令人窘迫的Eg:He drank some sherry, his eyes disconcertingly keen as he watched her他喝了些雪利酒，双眼不安而热切地盯着她。Fretful adj. 烦躁不安的Eg:Shehadlikewisedroppedherfretfulcomplaining,andwefounditagreatcomfort.她也不再怨天尤人了，这使我们深感宽慰。Grammatical adj. 符合语法规则的Eg:Grammaticalerrorsarealwaysobvioustome,spellingmistakesstandout.语法错误对我来说总是非常明显，而拼写错误也很显眼。Cosmology n. 宇宙学Eg:Withoutevolutionandexpansion,modernbiologyandcosmologymakelittle sense.没有了演化论和宇宙膨胀，现代生物学和宇宙学几乎就没什麽意义可言了。Personal opinionsJust to see the topic of this chapter is on the content of this chapter feel unable to start, but after watching a part of ideas gradually become clear. Especially to see only the predicate logic, felt click into place. Not only has a deeper understanding of the thinking logic of the whole chapter, but also more profound understanding of predicate logic.Chapter Plot/SummaryDescriptions and Existence:Did the Greeks Worship Zeus?This is the topic of the chapter.In this chapter, the author mainly talks about the content of definite description.What is “definite description”?It is a kind of phrase that can be the subject of sentences,which we havent talked about yet.NotesTechnical adj. 技术性的Eg:Inordertoreachthislimitanumberoftechnicalproblemswillhavetobesolved.要达到这个限度，还有很多技术问题必须解决。Visible adj. 看得见的，显然的Eg:Thewarninglightswereclearlyvisible.警示信号灯清晰可见。Occurrence n. 发生；遭遇Eg:Complaintsseemedtobeaneverydayoccurrence.似乎每天都有投诉。Shorthand n. 速记法；简称Eg:ThirdWorldisanabstraction,aformofshorthand.“第三世界”是个抽象概念，是一种简称。Quantifiers n. 量词Eg:Quantifiersanddatesarelikelytohaveavalidrange.量词和日期很可能有一个有效范围。Obvious adj. 明显的；平淡无奇的Eg:Therearesomeveryobviousphrasesthatweallknoworcertainlyshouldknowbetterthantouse.我们都知道或是肯定应该知道有些说法已毫无新意，最好避免使用。Omnipotence n. 全能，万能；无限威力Eg:Theseleaderscanbecomeintoxicatedwithasenseoftheirownomnipotence.这些领袖可能会自感无所不能而得意忘形。Personal opinionsThere is a very interesting text in this chapter: God is the being with all the perfections. But existence is a perfection. So God possesses existence.I felt a bit puzzled at first,because I havent met this argument before.Chapter Plot/SummarySelf-Reference:What is this Chapter About?This is the topic of the chapter.This chapter mainly talks about how to learn to think deeply, and not just to stay on the surface of some things,Further complexities arise when we consider another kind of unusual case:Self-Reference.NotesChapter n. 章节；分会；时期Eg:ThishadbeenaparticularlydifficultchapterinLebanonsrecenthistory.这在黎巴嫩的近代史上是个特别困难的时期。Deceptive adj. 虚伪的；迷惑的；靠不住的Eg:Appearancescanbedeceptive.外表可能是靠不住的。Complexity n. 复杂度Eg:Thisconsiderablyreducesthedebuggingtimeandcomplexity.这样大大减少了调试时间和复杂性。Conscious adj. 神志清醒的；自觉的Eg:Hewasconsciousofthefaint,muskyaromaofafter-shave.他注意到了须后水淡淡的麝香味。Paradoxes n. 矛盾，悖论；矛盾法Eg:ThereareunavoidableinnerconflictsandparadoxesinRawlsstheoryofjustice.罗尔斯的正义论存在不可避免的内在冲突和矛盾。Abstract adj. 理论上的；茫然的Eg:Itsnotaquestionofsomeabstractconcept.这不是某个抽象概念的问题。Hence adv. 从此，因此Eg:Thetradeimbalanceislikelytoriseagainin1990.Henceanewsetofpolicyactionswillberequiredsoon.贸易失衡可能会在1990年再次加剧。因此需要很快采取一系列新的政策行动。Personal opinionsAt first I thought that this chapter was a part of the philosophy of life, but it was not so. And the author gave a proposition: This very sentence that I am now uttering is true.Maybe you fell its true,but you also fell that its false if you think further.As a matter of fact,it is called “paradox”,which a sentences cannot be judged the true or false. Chapter Plot/SummaryNecessity and Possibility:What will be Must be?This is the topic of the chapter.In this chapter, the author begins with a new definition: “operator modal”.Modal operator refers to the name of some transformation (mapping) or operation in mathematics, logic and physics.NotesClaim v. 声明；提出要求Eg:Heclaimedthatitwasallaconspiracyagainsthim.他声称这一切都是一场针对他的阴谋。Operator n. 接线员；运算符Eg:HedialledtheoperatorandputinacallforRome.他拨了接线员的号，让他接通一个到罗马的电话。Hover n./v. 徘徊；犹豫Eg:Beautifulbutterflieshoveredabovethewildflowers.美丽的蝴蝶在野花上方飞舞。Fatalism n. 宿命论；天数Eg:Theresacertainmoodoffatalismnowamongtheradicals.现在激进分子中间无疑弥漫着一种宿命情绪。Boldface n. 黑体字，粗体字Eg:Youcanspecifywhetherthefontshouldbeunderlined,italic,orboldface.您可以指定的字体是否应当强调，斜体或粗体。Illustration n. 插图，说明；例证Eg:Togiveadefinitionofawordismoredifficultthantogivean illustrationofitsuse.给一个词下定义要比举例说明它的用法困难得多。Invalid adj. 无效的；不能成立的Eg:Thetrialwasstoppedandtheresultsdeclaredinvalid.审判被中止，判决结果被宣布无效。Personal opinionsThis chapter because of the layout and format and other reasons for the content of the modal operator can not be displayed, it is more difficult to read, but do not affect the general reading.The main harvest on the chapter is about necessary and possible.Chapter Plot/SummaryConditionals:Whats in an If?This is the topic of the chapter.The author of this chapter is mainly to lead the readers to learn the intellectual of logical operator.Such as,” ,“”,and this intellectual is related to the the second chapter.NotesAntecedent n. 经历；前件；祖先Eg:Weshallfirstlookbrieflyatthehistoricalantecedentsofthistheory.我们首先应大致看一下该理论在历史上的前身。Consequent n. 结果；后件Eg:ThewarmingoftheEarthandtheconsequentclimaticchangesaffectusall.地球变暖以及随之而来的气候变化影响着我们所有人。Fundamental adj. 基础的，原始的Eg:Ourconstitutionembodiesallthefundamentalprinciplesofdemocracy.我们的宪法体现了民主的所有基本原则。Commentator n. 时事评论员，解说员Eg:Thecommentatormadeabigmistakeduringthelivebroadcast.在直播节目中评论员犯了个大错误。Federal adj. 联邦的Eg:Fiveofthesixprovincesaretobecomeautonomousregionsinanewfederalsystemofgovernment.在新的联邦政府体制中，6省中的5个将成为自治区。Machinery n. 机器，（政府）机关Eg:Farmersimportmostoftheirmachineryandmaterials.农民的绝大部分机器和原料都来自进口。Assumption n. 承担；想当然；采取Eg:Theyhavetakenawrongturningintheirassumptionthatallmenandwomenthinkalike.他们错误地设想所有男女均见解一致。Personal opinionsThis chapter is about the content of discrete mathematics in the knowledge point, before reading has been understood. The most important of the logical connection words is the truth tableMain Idea of the Chapter ab is true in a situation,s,just if b is true in every situation associated with s where a is true.Chapter Plot/SummaryThe Future and the Past:Is Time Real?This is the topic of the chapter.In this chapter, the author gives four logical connective words about time:P(for past) and F(for future),besides,there are two new tense operates,G and H. G can be read”It is always Going to be the case that”,H can be read as “It Has always been the case that”.NotesTangled adj. 混乱的，紊乱的Eg:Thewiresarealltangledup.电线都缠结在一起了。Philosopher n. 哲学家Eg:Hewasalsoaneconomistandpoliticalphilosopher.他还是一位经济学者和政治哲学家。Function n. 作用；函数；职务Eg:Themainfunctionofthemerchantbanksistoraisecapitalforindustry.商业银行的主要职能是为产业融资。Correspond v. 通信；符合，一致Eg:Racegoerswillbegivenanumberwhichwillcorrespondtoahorserunninginarace.观看赛马比赛的观众将获得一个与某一匹赛马相对应的号码。Contradiction n. 矛盾；否认，反驳Eg:Theperformanceseemedtomeunpardonable,acontradictionofallthattheOlympicsissupposedtobe.在我看来，这次的表现是不可宽恕的，和奥运精神完全相悖。Respectively adv. 各自地Eg:Theirsons,BenandJonathan,werethreeandsixrespectively.他们的儿子，本和乔纳森，分别是3岁和6岁。Consistent adj. 一致的；连续的；不矛盾的Eg:Beckerhasneverbeenthemostconsistentofplayersanyway.不管怎么说，贝克尔从来就不是表现最为稳定的球员。Personal opinionsSome important chapters：Main Idea of the Chapter Fa is true in a situation if a is true in some later situation. Pa is true in a situation if a is true in some earlier situation. Ga is true in a situation if a is true in every later situation. Ha is true in a situation if a is true in every earlier situation.Chapter Plot/SummaryIdentity and Change:Is Anything Ever the Same?This is the topic of the chapter.In this chapter, the author will continue to explain the logical relationship of time.And the author also gives two definitions of predication and identity:the difference between “is.NotesVarious adj. 各种各样的Eg:Hisplanistospreadthecapitalbetweenvariousbuildingsocietyaccounts.他打算把资金分散存到不同的购房互助会的账户上。Cupboard n. 橱柜Eg:Thekitchencupboardwasstockedwithtinsofsoupandfood.厨房的橱柜里备有汤罐头和食品罐头。Whatsoever adv. 无论如何；无所作为Eg:Myschooldidnothingwhatsoeverinthewayofathletics.我的学校在体育方面无所作为。Hairstyle n. 发型Eg:Ithinkhernewshorthairstylelookssimplygreat.我觉得她新剪的短发看上去真是太美了。Distinguish v. 区别；辨别出；引人注目Eg:Thereissomethingaboutmusicthatdistinguishesitfromallotherartforms.音乐的某种特质使其有别于所有其他艺术形式。Mirror n. 镜子；借鉴Eg:Heabsent-mindedlylookedathimselfinthemirror.他心不在焉地看着镜中的自己。Unproblematic adj. 没有疑问的Eg:Fromthisperspective,thepracticeseemsunproblematic.从这个角度来看，这一做法似乎不成问题。Personal opinionsI found something like Socrates syllogism”in the process of reading this chapter. John is the person who won the race. The person who won the race got a prize. So John got a prize.Main Idea of the Chapter m=n is true just if the names m and n refer to the same object. If two objects are the same,any property of one is a property of the other(Leibnizs Law).Chapter Plot/SummaryVagueness:How do you Stop Sliding down a Slippery Slope?This is the topic of the chapter.In this chapter, the author gives a new definition: sorites paradoxes.(sorities comes from soros,the Greek for heap)These are some of the most annoying paradoxes in logic.NotesClutch n. 离合器Eg:Lauraletouttheclutchandpulledslowlyawaydownthedrive.劳拉松开离合器踏板，沿车道慢慢驶离。Applicability n. 适用性；适用范围Eg:Theefficiencyandapplicabilityofthisalgorithmaredemonstratedbysimulationresults.仿真结果表明了算法的有效性和实用性。Manoeuvre v. 调遣；控制；策划Eg:Weattemptedtomanoeuvrethecanoeclosertohim.我们试图让独木舟靠他更近一些。Correspondingly adv. 相应的Eg:Correspondingly,thereislessstudyontheorganizationstructureinthepresentAMM.与