新概念英语第四册lesson22.doc

001 知识和进步Lesson 22Knowledge and Progress 知识和进步The Development of ScienceSentence Analysis 句式分析Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Translation 译文为什么进步这个概念在现代世界显得如此突出？无疑是因为有一种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围发生，而且变得越来越明显。 Loom largeto have a lot of importance or influence over someone or something (无被动):The problems of crime and poverty loom large in many countries.犯罪和贫困这两大问题在许多国家都很突出。But by 2012 the threat posed by deficits will loom large.但是到2012年,来自财政赤字方面的威胁将放大。The question of who shoulders the blame will loom large Tuesday at the first set of congressional hearings on the disaster.美国国会周二将就石油泄漏事故举行首次听证会。谁应该负责的问题将成为听证会的焦点。Loom largeif something unpleasant or difficult looms large, it seems certain to happen:The shadow of a greater economic crisis loom large in most of the developed countries in the world.一场更大的经济危机的阴影笼罩着世界上大多数发达国家。Nuclear issues also loom large on the Korean peninsula, where the Americans and the Chinese have worked together rather more closely.核问题的阴云同样笼罩着朝鲜半岛,在这里美中的合作倒是较为紧密。How to pay the months bills began to loom very large in their mind.如何支付这个月的帐单这一问题在他的心里开始变得沉重起来。002 Surely 相似词辨析Surely 相似词辨析Surely , Insure, Ensure, Assure :Surely: without any doubtSurely, the argument runs, Japan would produce new global gorillas of its own if its innovation system were more like that of the US.确实,有人提出,如果日本的创新体系更像美国,它就会产生自己的新全球巨擘。The question, however, is why it is only a mild recession, since precursors of a depression were surely present.但问题是,既然萧条的先兆已显露无疑,为何这仅仅是一场温和的衰退呢?Surely 相似词辨析Insure: 给.投保:The relevant details are to be left for you to decide, but we wish to insure the goods against All Risks.有关细则留由你们决定,但是我们希望为这批货物投保一切险。That is when the money would be useful, but we are temperamentally more inclined to insure against the tragic death of a child.这就是钱发挥作用的时候,但我们从心理上更倾向于为防范孩子不幸身亡而买保险。Surely 相似词辨析Ensure : to make certain that something happens or is done 保证, 担保,确保:Were working with the Bank of Thailand to ensure that our competitiveness is not inflated away, he said.我们正在与泰国央行合作,确保我们的竞争力不被通胀带走。We work closely with our Field Partners to ensure that you know exactly where your money is going.我们与当地的伙伴密切合作以保证您确切掌握您捐助款的去向。Surely 相似词辨析Assure: to tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true, especially in order to remove doubt about it使安心,确信,让.放心:Before going to bed, she assured herself that the door was locked.她确信门已锁好才去睡觉。I assure you that this medicine will work wonders for your cold.我向你保证这种药对你的感冒有奇效。Surely 同义词辨析Surely/ certainly:A.表示客观论断，意为“无疑地”、“肯定地”、“确实地”，两者常可换用(注：通常用于被修饰词语之前)。B.表示主观看法, 意为“想必”、“一定”、“我相信”等义，通常只用 surely。此时它表示既相信又不肯定或感到惊讶(有时几乎相当于一疑问句，书写时可用问号)，通常置于句首或句末，若主语是人称代词，有时也可紧跟在主语之后。Manifest 鉴赏Quite obvious and easy to notice or understand 非常显而易见的(adj):Lest we forget, for all its manifest flaws, a liberal trading system has delivered hundred of millions of people from abject poverty.不要忘记,尽管存在明显缺陷,但自由贸易体系仍让数亿人摆脱了一贫如洗的状态。After a financial crisis, banks too become much more risk-averse, as is manifest in their willingness to lend only to the government.在一场金融危机过后,银行的避险意识也明显提高从它们只愿意贷款给政府,就能够看出这一点。Manifest 鉴赏Manifest in 体现于(v.) The abuses that such a system invites manifest in the lack of respect for the rights of its citizens.这一体制所导致的权力滥用体现在该国缺乏对其公民权利的尊重。Researchers are still debating at what age children experience depression of their own. It can manifest in different ways at different ages.研究人员依然在争论,孩子在什么年龄段会出现抑郁症,因为抑郁症在不同年龄段的表现方式各不相同。003 Sentence Analysis 句式分析Sentence Analysis 句式分析Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge. Translation 译文虽然人类有智力和道德上没有得到普遍提高，但在知识积累方面却取得了巨大的进步。 Undergo 鉴赏To be able to undertake such missions, SEALs undergo intense training and practice.为了能够不辱使命,海豹突击队队员必须经受高强度的训练和实战演习。Even if they have to undergo suffering as other people, their spiritual power is so strong that they do not feel much effect.即使他们和别人一样必须受苦,但是他们的精神力量很强,不会受太多影响。Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation. Otherwise, the country will starve.农业必须进行改革,以满足新形势的需要。否则,国家将遭受饥荒。Sentence Analysis 句式分析Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Translation 译文人一旦能用语言同别人交流思想，知识的积累便开始了。随着书写的发明，又迈进了一大步，因为这样一来，知识不仅能交流，而且能储存了。 Communicate 用法沟通, 交流:High-tech company NEC has come up with a device that it says will allow users to communicate with people of different languages.据发明这款眼镜的日本高科技公司NEC称,这款设备可以让使用者与说不同语言的人进行交流。All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.当不同文化互相沟通时,所有的语言都会发生变化。Communicate 用法传递, 传达, 通报:Copies of that report were communicated to each Member State of WIPO, of the Paris Union, or the Berne Union on July 31, 2011.该报告已于2011年7月31日寄给WIPO、巴黎联盟或伯尔尼联盟的各成员国。How should the performance of a company be communicated to the employees and shareholders?公司业绩应该如何向员工和股东交待?He also communicated to the Argentines.他也向阿根廷方面通报了。By means of 用法China is willing to resolve any disputes through dialogues on the basis of equality and by means of bilateral consultation and negotiation.中国愿意通过平等对话和以双边谈判的方式解决争议问题。Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language.哲学是利用语言进行的与对智慧的迷惑作斗争的战斗。Sentence Analysis 句式分析Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. Translation 译文藏书使教育成为可能，而教育反过来又丰富了藏书，因为知识的增长遵循着一种“滚雪球”的规律。印刷术的发明又大大提高了知识增长的速度。 001 In turnIn turnTosca says the company believes it has an obligation to help the local economy, which in turn helps the company.托斯卡表示公司认为有义务帮助恢复当地的经济,反过来这对公司也有好处。Really, a new generation may be inferior to the old and in turn an old generation may be outshone by the new. (From The Delights of Growing Old by Maurice Goudeket)真是一代不如一代,一代胜过一代。Add toto make something such as a feeling or a quality greater or more extreme:If you would make a man happy, do not add to his possessions but subtract from his desires. - Seneca如果你想使一个人快乐,不要增加他的财产,而是要减少他的欲望。Pressure to meet parents demands can add to the sense of crisis among todays young adults,为了实现父母期望而产生的压力增加了现在年轻人的危机感。Compound interestinterest that is based both on an amount of money that someone has borrowed or saved and on the interest that has been added to it 复利:And, at a time when were borrowing more than ever, most Americans cant explain what compound interestis.在借贷更多的款额时,大多数美国人甚至对复利都不知到底为何物。Enhance 翻译技巧to improve something, or to make it more attractive or more valuable加强:A Honda spokeswoman said the company isnt considering increasing exports from Thailand to enhance its competitiveness.本田公司一位发言人说,公司未考虑增加从泰国的出口以增强竞争力。Dr. Williams also states that other positive emotions like trust, forgiveness, and love seem to enhance physical health.Williams博士也指出,其他那些积极地情绪,例如信任,原谅,爱,似乎可以改善身体的健康状况。Sentence Analysis句式分析All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan.Translation译文所有这些发展都比较缓慢，而随着科学的到来，增长的速度才突然加快。于是，知识便开始有系统有计划地积累起来。Sentence Analysis句式分析The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account.Translation译文涓涓细流汇成小溪，小溪现已变成了奔腾的江河。而且，新知识一旦获得，便得到实际应用。Turn to account鉴赏To utilize something with high efficiency:We must turnthis precious plot to good account.我们必须充分利用这块宝地。They will turnthe suns energy to accountfor heating homes.他们将利用太阳能为住宅供暖。Sentence Analysis句式分析What is called modern civilization is not the result of a balanced development of all mans nature. but of accumulated knowledge (applied to practical life). The problem now (facing humanity) is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge?Translation译文所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡发展的结果，而是积累起来的知识应用到实际生活中的结果。现在人类面临的问题是：用这些知识去做什么？002 What is calledWhat is called所谓New CEOs often arrive on the scene with what is called a mandate for change.新CEO们往往是带着所谓“改革使命”走马上任的。What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.古之所谓善战者,胜于易胜者也。In brief, Lydgate was what is called a successful man.总之,利德盖特是我们所说的飞黄腾达的人。HumanityHumanity:1. all the people who are living in the world人类Give me a restless hour or two in bed and I can solve, to my own satisfaction, all the doubts of humanity. (from On Getting Off to Sleep by John Boynton Priestley)只要我躺在床上有一两个小时睡不着觉,我就能令自己满意地解决人类一切的疑虑。2. a kind and sympathetic attitude toward other people, especially when they are suffering in some way仁爱;博爱;Mencius encouraged the expression of compassion, humanity and human dignity to make for a truly human society.孟子鼓励人们要有恻隐之心,并且提倡仁爱和人的尊严,以创造一个真正的“人”的社会。Humanityhuman:1. a person2. relating to people; showing normal human feelings and behavior, especially showing that you can be weak; relating to a persons bodySentence Analysis句式分析As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both.Translation译文正像人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃刀，可以用于造福，也可以用来为害。人们现在正漫不经心地把知识用于这两个方面。003 As 作关系代词As 作关系代词As引导非限定性定语从句,作关系代词:（1）、as引导的非限制性定语从句，对主句的内容起正面的作用，负面则应用which:Mother gave him some money, aswas a pleasure to him母亲给他些钱，这使他很高兴。Mother criticized him, whichmade him depressed母亲批评了他，这使他很沮丧.As 作关系代词（2）、强调成分不同。As强调主句内容，which强调从句内容。Her speech was inspiring，aswe had expected正如我们所期盼的那样，她的发言非常鼓舞人心。His scheme went up in smoke finally，whichmade him very frustrated他的计划落空了，这使他非常失落。As 作关系代词（3）、在非限制性定语从句中，谓语是系词be时，常用as作主语，而谓语是实义动词时，则用which作主语。Ed is absent for class, asis often the case埃德又没来上课，他往往是这样。People familiar with the matter say the investigation also includes auditors, which hadnt previously been known.知情人士说此次调查对象也包括审计方,这一点此前外界并不知情。As 作关系代词（4）、as引导的非限制性定语从句要与主句语义一致。如果主句为肯定句，从句用否定句，则一般用which引导。Mr. Jo