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昆 明 学 院2014 届毕业论文 论文题目（英文）Analysis of the Inevitability of Tesss Tragedy 论文题目（中文）浅析苔丝悲剧的不可避免性 姓 名 寸 槐 芬 学 号 201016010210 所属院/系 外国语学院 专业年级 2010级英语 指导教师 奉 星 岑 2014 年 5 月学士学位论文诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全了解本声明的法律结果将由本人承担。学士论文作者签名： 日 期： 年 月 日摘 要德伯家的苔丝是英国著名作家托马斯.哈代的代表作，同时也是英国历史上的悲剧小说之一。这部小说的创作时期正是英国由传统的农业向新型的工业转型的时期，此时农业遭到重创，失业和贫困困扰着每个村庄。德伯家的苔丝以正在经受变革的维塞克斯郡为背景，描述主人公苔丝的悲惨命运。对于苔丝来说，这种悲惨的命运是不可避免的。因为苔丝的悲惨命运不仅仅源于苔丝的性格，也和她的家庭背景，社会背景息息相关。苔丝没有办法改变当时不公平的社会观念和家庭状况，而这一切似乎注定了她悲惨的命运。本文主要以苔丝的生活经历为主线，依据当时的社会背景，伦理道德，家庭以及苔丝自身的性格等因素来分析造成她悲剧命运的不可避免性。关键词:苔丝；哈代；不可避免的因素；女权主义者；虚伪的社会道德观AbstractTess of the dUrbervilles is the representative works of Thomas Hardy. At the same time, it was a part of the tragic novels in the history of England. This story took place in the twilight of “Britains Victorian era”. With the reformation of technology and modern civilization, agriculture suffered serious difficulties and unemployment spread in the countryside. It was Wessex that happened many changes in this revolution. Also Tess was inevitably became one of the victims. Tesss tragedy was closely connected to her own personality, social condition and her family living standards. It was not possible for Tess to change the unfair social attitudes and to escape from poverty by her own. From some respects, it was doomed to a series of unfortunate happened to her life. This paper will focus on Tesss life experience, social background, peoples moral concept, family and her own individuality to analyze her inevitable tragedy.Key words: Tess; Hardy; inevitable factors; Feminism; hypocritical social value.ContentsChapter1 Introduction.1Chapter2 Literature review.2Chapter3 Tragic components and some inevitable factors.33.1 The various misfortune focus on the heroine.33.1.1 The inevitable social tragedy happened to Tess.33.1.2 Tess as a conventional woman and her impoverished life.43.2 The artistic figure in the tragic components.43.2.1 As a victim Tess fought against her inevitable fate.43.2.2 As a victim Tess was a sexual symbol.63.2.3 As a victim-Tess from a feminist view point .7Chapter4 Destructive color and landscape.94.1 The unfortunate color-red.94.2 The landscape did a great contrast to the story.10Chapter5 Conclusion.10References.12中文参考文献.12Acknowledgements.136Chapter1 IntroductionThomas Hardy (1840-1928), is one of the greatest English writers of the 19th century. He was of higher Bock Hampton in Dorset. As a child of a building contractor, Hardy didnt get good education and was apprenticed to an architect when he was only sixteen years olds, due to he showed a great interest in religious faith and tried his best to read various books to enrich his life. He turned his hobbies to pursue a career as a novelist. During that time, he published nearly 20 novels, 1000 poems and so on. Tess of the dUrbervilles was written in the twilight of the Victorian period when England made great changes in economic development. Hardy was frustrated by the conservative Party when the book was expected to be published. However, with time went by Tess of the dUrbervilles became his representative work, and then Hardy became a famous novelist after publishing Tess of the dUrbervilles. In Tess of the dUrbervilles Hardy showed his deep sense of sympathy and love for those poor working families. For another, it also can reveal his writing style and the deep rooted social problems. The story described the change of collective economy, politics, and morality in England and it did the transition from an old-agricultural nation to a modern-industrial one. Under the hypocritical bourgeoisie invaded in England, peoples religious belief also experienced a remarkable change, especially for revealing hypocrisy dominated the position of women in families and society. Tesss experience was a good example. In the story Tess as a pure woman was vividly presented in the subtitle added in the end. As a poor country girl, Tess was seduced by the Alec dUrbervilles. Then she became pregnant. But unfortunately her child was dead miserably. In order to make a living, she worked at a farmyard and fell in love with a clergymans son- Angel Clare by accident. However, the misfortune happened again. Pure Tess confessed her husband about her past when she got married. It hit Tesss spirit deeply after being abandoned by her husband. Under the profound sorrow and due to financial shortcoming, she came back to Alecs house and became his mistress once more. When Angel returned from Brazil and repented his fault to her, Tess felt her life was hopeful once again. Then under the aggravation of Alec, Tess killed him in desperation. Finally she was likewise arrested for her illicit behavior.This paper will concentrate on analyzing the various factors that caused the heroines inevitable tragedy. Whats more, Hardys writing style vividly reflected in the story. Tesss imperfect character, the extreme poverty did her family suffers and the unfair social conventional value put her to lead a difficult life.Chapter2 Literature ReviewIn order to analyze Tesss inevitable tragedy, so many experts made great efforts did researches. Yang Yonghe (2002) stated the idea of heroism of Tess, by giving different examples about Tesss behaviors and analyzing the relationship between Tesss heroism and her tragic life. Wang Hairong (2011) exposed her viewpoint about Tess, who suffered various difficulties due to inequitable social values between men and women. Lind Shang(2003) wrote an article called An Analysis of Tesss tragedy- from a Psychological Perspective, under the view of psychoanalytic microscope, she stressed Tesss individual personality played a direct part in her tragic fate. He ye(2003)published his thesis Tess of the dUrbervilles, a Mighty Tragedy, this paper focus on the heroines character, and the relationship with the Angel Clare and Alec dUrbervilles, also he managed to proving the various elements in the plot indicted Tesss inevitable doom.Those experts have done a lot of researches on the Tess of the dUrbervilles. However, some of them didnt give a comprehensive definition and explicit explanation about Tesss inevitable tragedy. This paper will focus on seeking more information and analyzing Tesss inevitable doom. Such as the landscape in the novel also indicated something unpleasant would occur throughout her life. Besides, Hardys writing style was full of imagination and fatalism, and both were important factors composed of the heroines disaster. Hardy had done deep research according to the all kinds of background information at that time, which also made him became a distinguished dramatist and his works revealed a sense of humor. In the story, Tess as a helpless victim, and she should have known it was a bad omen when she decided to sacrifice herself for the familys benefit, the various misfortune happened to her and made her had no choice but to put herself in such a situation, it goes without saying that she was destined to led a tragic life. Chapter3 Tragic components and some inevitable factors3.1 The various misfortune focus on the heroine 3.1.1 The inevitable social tragedy happened to TessThe story Tess of the dUrbervilles happened in a rural place-Wessex was full of various fertile lands, and peasants led a simple life. There is no doubt that as a downright and loyal girl, Tesss couldnt resist all kinds of misfortunes happened to her. With the reformation of technology and widespread of the industrialization, more and more peasants left for big cities to gain money. Many farmers make a living by selling their limited products. Tesss family also suffered a lot of disaster during the industrial civilization invaded in the rural areas. As the eldest child in her family, Tess had to take responsibility to support her family. Though she wasnt willing to accept her mother idea to visit the dUrbervilles Mansion, she obeyed the parents wills in the end. Unfortunately, misfortune happened to her life, for Tess was seduced by Alec. The loss of virginity made Tess heart-broken, and it symbolized the mistake would influence throughout all her life. From then on, Tesss social values did a great change, and she had no desire to pursue a happy future. The only purpose of her life was to assist her families no matter how hardship needed her to overcome. They can only be pure if they are chaste: either what Hardy calls an unsullied virgin. (Thomas Hardy, 2005).From the standpoint of Hardy, he combated unfair trend in the Victorian hypocrisy toward sex, which demanded a decent woman to be pure and shouldnt lose virginity when she unmarried. Just as Harry Campbell demonstrated his idea that the sexual instinct for less intense for women than men. With the popularity of the hypocrisy, there existed inequality between men and women, doubtlessly, Tess as a symbolic and inevitable tragedian with social development.3.1.2 Tess as a conventional woman and her impoverished lifeThe misfortune happened to Tess from various aspects, and direct tragedy owes to her family. With the invasion of capitalism and industrialization, farmers suffered significant poverty and led an extremely hard life. Tesss family also suffered a great change during this time. On a large degree, Tess was forced to seek all kinds of jobs to help her family. Also it was an essential part for Hardy wanted to stress. It was Tesss merits that led her unavoidable fate and throughout the story. Tess as a conventional girl and the traditional principles deeply rooted in her mind, which guided her to be honest and to act out of her instinct. However, as an example of the destructive effect which under the social pressure and her familys burden, Tess herself couldnt lead a simple life that she wanted to have. In other words, she couldnt act out herself more than what other people wanted her to be. Although Tess as a simple and poor dairymaid and she never dreamed to become a grand lady. It made the Angel and Alec hurt her self-respect again and again. Moreover, Tesss goals would realize if to make the persons she cares were happy. Even though she tried her best to live an independent life in a difficult society, the conventional moral values in her deep mind, the limited social contact and the series unpredicted events happened to her that dramatically put Tess into a position of unfortunate in natural world.3.2 The artistic figure in the tragic components3.2.1 As a victim Tess fought against her inevitable fate Tesss tragedy had the deeply rooted factors. Although she was full of purity in her mind, it was her destiny to lead a tragically life. First and foremost, with the modern civilization and bankruptcy of agriculture made farmers life extremely difficult. Tess was a dutiful girl who took the obligation to support the families. It doomed that she would meet innumerable difficulties on her way to make money. Moreover, did Tesss great courage and be regarded as a brave fighter who fights against the bitter fate. Tess is the only woman whose place was upon the machine so as to be shaken bodily by its spinning.(Cecil, David, 1992).Despite the endless hardships she encountered, Tess tried her best to struggle and live up. Unfortunately, she couldnt help the family escape from poverty. “Hardy begins with the melodramatic Victorian stereotype of the innocent seduced-a girl whose life is ruined by those less than her.” (Dale Kramer, 2000) It was a vividly definition for Tesss inevitable doom. Secondly, two destructive figures influenced all her life, Alec dUrbervilles and Angel Clare, Alecs seduction made Tess of as an innocent girl to an impure woman. The fatal accident did hurt Tesss feelings. From then, on she thought herself was inferior to other maids in many aspects. Even though Tess was viewed as a passive victim under the offenders like the powerful Alec, from the plot we can see Tess fighting against him again and again. Through the club-walking scene, which indicated, Tess was a real beauty and attracted many peoples appreciation. Maybe the beautiful appearance was an indirect trigger result her tragedy. In the relationship with Alec, Tess was an unintended victim. Alec powerful rights also represented a world that Tess couldnt resist it entirely. When Tess worked at Alecs home, Alec always drew her attention on purpose. Though Tess was seduced in the end, she tried her best to combat with Alecs insult. To make matters worse, Tesss father was dead and their financial condition was extremely poor that drove her back to Alec. However, when Angel was apologized for his inappropriate behavior and with Tesss great desperation and indignation, she killed Alec without hesitation. Through her reaction to the attacker, we can conclude that Tess was a brave girl. Though she had lost the most critical element for a maid should have, her spirit remains self-governing and strong. Therefore, Tess never stopped to pursue her true love. Tesss baby, who was conceived with Alec, unfortunately fell ill heavily and was about to death. Under this circumstance, though as a widow Tess tried her best to make her baby get a proper christening. By overcoming all kinds of difficulties, Tess buried the child by herself with the Christian burial. The heart-broken Tess also made a little cross for her dead baby. It proved that Tess struggled continuously against her bitter fate even she was in great desperateAngel-Tesss husband was warm-hearted and passionate feelings, who persuaded Tess to take courage to wed him. However, the misfortune happened again. While Tess was confessing her past on the wedding day, due to his traditional moral discipline that made him cant forgive the fact that Tess lost virginity. Regardless of the fact that Angel seemed to be a liberal-minded in the whole story, he disobeyed his conventional values by his behavior after Tess confessed her past. Angels reaction destroyed Tesss spirit. If Tess hadnt been strong in mind, she would have drowned herself when she suffered misfortune over time and time. However, she didnt give in so easily. After being abandoned by Angel, Tess had no intention for her to strive for the best result. As an innocent and passive victim, Tesss courage and strong mind prevented her from asking any help from Angels parents.From the above analysis, we can safely conclude that Tess was managed to live on and keep the true feeling in her innate spirit. She made every decision which derives from her own heart. In the end, she took courage to kill Alec in response to her inner calling. Artistically, the purpose of Hardys writing spoke highly of the heroine. Tess as a pure woman who was purity in mind and a slightly ignore nature. From Hardys viewpoint, he found that the natural is valuable and cherished, no matter what else it is. Of course, under the conflict between Tesss individuality and her inner desire, she couldnt get rid of the inevitable doom.Within the tragic issues surrounded her, Tesss purity and passivity easily made her become a victim under those circumstances. Despite the fact that Tesss good sense was her best guide; the outcome is often opposite to her decision.3.2.2 As a victim Tess was a sexual symbolHardy exposed the hypocrisy of the Victorian morality towards the sex. Unfair social morality dominated peoples sexual value and the position of womens life. Virginity stands for maiden. Therefore, Alecs seduction did a great impact on Tesss life. It made Tess felt guilty and led an unfortunate life after she was violated. Despite the fact that Tess loves Angel truly in her deep mind, furthermore she was willing to do everything that Angel wanted her to do. On the contrary, true love is often encountered with a lot of difficulties which unexpected. Angels conventional value and defective principle were fine examples. In their new marriage, Angel told Tess about his defective past and easily got pardon from Tess, while Tess was abandoned when she confessed her past to him. She had no more explanation for Angels rejection and continued to punish herself for the loss of bodily purity. Unfair social status between man and woman decided Tesss had no excuse for herself.From the above analysis, it was the hardy that intended the Tesss inevitable doom. Her tragedy mainly owes to her sexual attraction and the loss of virginity by accident, which also has been pointed out that the mistakes of sexing and moral rigor that characterized Tess as one of the greatest women in the Victorian age.Actually, as a victim-Tess was not only a slave of male sex but also as a victim of them. Both Angel and Alec regarded Tess as an object which maximum of desire and driven her to death. Angels spiritual rejection left a destructive impact in Tesss mind. For Alec, of his sexual attack which made the innocent Tess los