读写译4中国文化部分中英互译 (2).doc

Unit1Book4剪纸剪纸又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔，绢帛，皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Papercutting(otherwiseknownasjianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaorjianhua.Papercuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper,peoplecarvedongoldleaf,silk,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),theinventionofpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,filledwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.Unit2Book4儒家思想儒家思想也称为儒学，由春秋（前770-前476）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（大学、中庸、论语、孟子），五经（周易、尚书、诗经、礼记、春秋）等。儒家学派以“仁义礼智信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。ConfucianismConfucianthought,alsocalledConfucianism,wasestablishedbyConfucius,agreatthinkerandeducatorwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).SomerepresentativesofConfucianismthroughoutChinesehistoryincludeMencius,DongZhongshu,ZhuXi,andWangYangming.ThemainclassicsofConfucianismaretheFourBooks(TheGreatLearning,THeDoctrineoftheMean,TheAnalectsofConfucius,andMencius)andtheFiveClassics(Zhouyi,Shangshu(CollectionofAncientTexts),TheBookofSongs,TheRites,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals).TheConfucianSchoolregards“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity”asbeingatthecoreofitsethicalsystem.Confucianismwasthemainideologyoffeudalsocietyformorethan2000yearsinChina.Unit3Book4中国象棋中国象棋早在战国时期（前475-前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影有军中帐（九宫）、士位（士，仕），文官（象，相），武将（车，马，炮），士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一.TheearliestrecordsofChinesechesscanbetracedbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Theearly-stageChinesechesswascomposedofsixpiecescarvedoutofivory,andwasthereforecalled“SixBoxing”.ItsfinalformofplaywasfixedattheendoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960AD-1127AD)afteralongperiodofdevelopment.Thechessboardisarectangularboardthatis9lineswideby10lineslong.Composedofmarshalorgeneral,advisors(scholarorofficial),civilofficials(elephantorminister),militaryofficers(chariots,horses,andcannons),andsoldiers(soldiersorpawns),ChinesechessisChinesesocialinstitutionandcultureinminiature.Itisalsooneofthefourmostpopularchessgamesintheworld,theotherthreebeingtheChineseWeiqi,thegameofchess,andshogi(orgeneralschess)Unit4Book4二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。The24solartermsTheancientChinesedividedtheyearinto24equalsegmentsaccordingtothepositionsofthesunontheecliptic.Namesweregivenwithspecialconnotationsforthesesegments;suchasvernalequinox(occursonMarch20or21)andpurebrightness(occursonApril4,5,6);andhencetheyarecalledthe24SolarTerms.OriginatingfromtheReachesoftheYellowRiver，the24SolarTermsarebasicallyacalendertogovernagriculturalarrangementswhichtakeintoaccountthechangesinclimateandpracticalagriculturalneeds.The24SolarTermsareconsideredagreatanduniquecreationoftheancientChinese.Unit5Book4中国书法中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、行、楷、草等各种汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。ChineseCalligraphyThefourancientChineseartisticformsarecalledguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting;andpenmanshipparticularlyreferstotheChinesecalligraphy.Chinesecalligraphyisakindofartusingabrushtowritesealscript,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,grassscript,andothervariouswritingstylesofChinesecharacters.ThewritingtechniquesofChinesecalligraphyarehighlightedbythemannerofusingabrush,thewayinkisused,theartofcomposition,andsoon.Itsharmoniousbeautyofartisreflectedinbetweenthelines.Chinesecalligraphyexhibitsitsbeautyindifferentposes,suchastheuniquenessoftheofficialscripts“silkwormheadandswallowtail”,theregularscriptsrequirementto“sticktothenormandrules”,thecharacteristicsofgrassscripts“flyingdragonsanddancingphoenixes”,andthedistinctive“naturalgrace”ofthecursivescript.Indeed,ChinesecalligraphyreflectsthepersonalityofChinesepeoplesstraightforwardness,dignity,andreticence.Unit6Book4中国古琴中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴，玉琴，七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据史记记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称为“古琴”。古琴依凤之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。ChineseGuqinAsoneofthefourartforms(namelyguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting)inancientChina,guqinisakindofpluckedstringinstrumentwhichisalsoknownasyaoqin,yuqinandqixianqin.AccordingtotheChinesehistorybookShihCHi,qinappearednolaterthantheYaoandShuneras.InordertodistinguishitfromsimilarmusicalinstrumentsoftheWest,itwascalledguqin,.Theguqinsdesignimitatestheshapeofaphoenix.Peoplealsonameddifferentpartsoftheguqinafterthenamesofvariousbodypartsofthephoenix.ThisnamingmethodreflectsConfuciusthoughtsonmusicandtheideologyofharmonythatChinesepeoplevalue.Unit7Book4十二生肖十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支纪年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物纪年，两种纪年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠，丑牛，寅虎，卯兔，辰龙，巳蛇，午马，未羊，申猴，酉鸡，戌狗，亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达，和衷共济。TheChineseZodiacTheChineseZodiacistheChinesewayofnumberingtheyears.Itattributesananimaltoeachyear,accordingtoa12-yearcycle.Sinceancienttimes,theChinesepeoplebegantousetheHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchestorecordthepassingofyears.Atthesametime,ChinesenomadicpeoplewholivedinnorthwestChinainsteadusedanimalstonumbertheyears.Thetwowaysofnumberingtheyearsweresmoothlyintegrated,andtheChineseZodiactookshape.The12animalsintheChineseZodiacare:rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,ram,monkey,rooster,dog,andpig.Themeaningofthesymbolicanimalofthebirthyearisthatitcanmakepeoplemagnanimousandbeofonemindintimesofdifficulty.Unit8Book4唐诗宋词唐诗代表了中华诗歌的最高成就。知名诗人多若星辰，李白，杜甫，白居易都是世界闻名的伟大诗人。唐诗分为古体诗，律诗，绝句，又有五言、七言之分，其题材广泛，数量庞大，风格和流派多样。宋词是继唐诗之后中国古代文学史上的又一座高峰，历来与唐诗并称双雄。宋词以长短句为主，依词牌填词，豪放派和婉约派词风各异，主要代表有辛弃疾，苏轼，柳永，李清照等。TangPoetryandSongCiTangPoetryrepresentsthehighestachievementofChinesepoetry.ThereweremanydistinguishedpoetsintheTangDynasty,includingLiBai,DuFu,andBaiJuyi,whoareworld-famous.TherearevariousformsofTangPoetry,suchaspre-Tangpoetry,regularpoems,shortpoems.Regularp