路桥工程专业英语第一课.doc

第一课：Highway Concept公路概论A.Text The Highway Concept 公路概论B.Reading Material Highway Cross Section and Pavement 道路横断面和铺装层1.A historical note 历史回顾The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Empire to another was important for military and civil reasons.罗马人是西欧任何意义上的第一条道路的建设者，他们具有的从帝国的一个地方迅速移动到另一个地方的能力对政治军事而言都是非常重要的。Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception,by their durability. 罗马道路以其直线形为特点，普遍的看法说还有他的耐久性A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced.而所寻求的好的路线平面图是能在来自敌方潜在的风险降低后提高直达的道路。It was for this reason that the surface of the road was often elevated a meter or more above the local ground levelto provide a clear view of the surrounding country;hence the modern term “highway”.正是由于这样的原因，道路的表面高度都会比实际地面高出一米甚至更多，这样也可以提高一个好的视野去观察周边的情况，因而这就是现代词汇“高路”的来源。The durability of such pavements is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire.这种道路的耐久性也不是那么的绝对，但是至少在帝国倒台以后几个世纪的成就也没能超越它。A typical major Roman road in the UK consisted of several layers of material,increasing in strength from the bottom layers, perhaps of rubble, through intermediate layers of lime-bound concrete to an upper layer of flags or stone slabs grouted in lime. 在英国典型的主要罗马道路是由几层材料组成的，下层可能用瓦砾来提高它的强度，由石灰混凝土材料构成的中间层连系着由石板或石灰混凝土板组成的上层。The total thickness of such a pavement would be varied according to the ground conditions. 而路面的总厚度将随不同的地面条件而改变In sound ground(坚固） a thickness approaching one meter might be found; elsewhere this would be increased as necessary.但是在接近原地面的一个路面厚度须达到接近一米的厚度，这在任何一个地方都是必须要满足的。During the Dark Agesand indeed well after thatno serious attempt was made in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently deteriorated. 在黑暗的中世纪在这以后也是一样英国没有采取任何措施去尝试保养或者翻新罗马道路，从而罗马道路破坏恶化。By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country.而到了中世纪末，整个国家没有了道路交通系统成为了事实 Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassable for most of the year and dusty and impassable for the remainde仅存的道路也是未铺装的，这种道路在一年中的大多数时间是泥泞的而无法通行，其余时间也是因尘土飞扬而导致无法通行 Diversions around particularly poor lengths of road, private land or difficult topography had resulted in sinuous alignments.但是在短距离道路上绕道可能因私人土地或者复杂地形而使道路更加蜿蜒曲折The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the most determined travelers. 由这些特征组成的，杂乱无章的道路，使得只有意志最坚定的行人才能鼓起勇气上路。The first small change in this state of affairs was bought about by an Act of 1555 which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor of Highways. 在英国，现状的首个改变是1555年的一次行动，这次行动要求每一个教区要对本教区的道路进行保养并且聘用专门的道路检验员As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist to match the task in hand, the obvious expectation that the post of Surveyor was unpopular and ineffective is generally correct .但是由于这个职位是无偿的资源匮乏的，而且手头要做的工作也没有相匹配的技术支持，因而检验员一职不受欢迎和无效的明显期望是正确的。This lack of resources remained a problem for over a century. 一个多世纪以来，这方面资源的缺乏仍然是个问题。In the latter part of the seventeenth century the first experimental lengths of turnpike road were established on the Great North Road(now the A1 trunk road).在十七世纪后期，第一条试验收费公路在大北路（现在的A1公路）建成 Turnpiking is a toll system whereby travelers pay for the use of the road. 收费公路即是一个向道路使用者征收道路使用费用的收费系统In the first part of the next century Parliament produced a series of Acts which enabled the establishment of Turnpike Trusts on main routes throughout the country. 就在下个世纪初期，议会产生的一系列法案就授权托拉斯在全国主要干道上建立收费公路系统In this improved financial climate road building techniques gradually developed through the work of such pioneers as Metcalf, Telford and the eponymous Macadam. 在这种提升的金融环境条件下道路建设技术通过像德福、特福德和与麦克亚当齐名的先驱者的贡献得到缓步发展By about 1830 a system of well paved roads had evolved of such quality that they imposed little or no constraint on road traffic. 而在大约1830年的时候发明了一种用于铺装路面的“井”系统可以对道路交通产生很少的或几乎没有约束Journey times were limited not by the state of the road but by the nature of road vehicles.行车的时间不仅仅受限于国家的现有道路，还受限于交通工具的性能。The next improvement in the speed and cost of travel came about as a result of a radical change in vehicle technology the building of the railways.接下来改进的行车速度以及出行花费取决于车辆技术的彻底改革和铁路的建设The effect of this was to reduce road traffic between towns to such a low level that the turnpike system became uneconomic. 这样做的目的是在收费公路边的不经济的如此低水平的条件下尽量减少城镇与城镇之间的道路上的交通量Although road building in towns continued, the Turnpike Trusts collapsed. 虽然城镇公路建设仍在继续，但是托拉斯的收费公路系统倒塌了Legislation in the late nineteenth century set the scene for the current administrative arrangements for highway construction and maintenance but the technology remained empirical and essentially primitive. Only in recent years has that situation changed to any great extent.19世纪末期的立法案却为管理安排公路的建设和养护做好了准备，但是技术都保持在原有状态，只有在近几年来情况才有很大程度的改观2 The aims of highway engineering 公路工程的目标In order that economic activity can take place, people, goods and materials must move from place to place. 为了产生贸易经济行为，人、商品、材料都必须从一个地方运送到另一个地方The necessary movement has to some extent always been possible, but the growth in economic activity which characterized the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth century Eng-land and which has occourred or is occurring throughout the world since then, placed demands on the transport system which in its original primitive form it was quite unable to meet. （此时）必要的运动在一定程度上是可能发生的，但是在作为十八世纪英格兰工业革命特点的和在此以后全球已经或者说正在发生的经济活动增长对原始形式交通系统无法满足的交通系统提出了要求This system developed to meet the new needs much more traffic, and in this interactive way were produced canals and turnpike roads, then railways and most latterly a network of modem roads.发展这一系统来满足新的需要更多交通量的需求，并且通过这种互动的方式产生了运河和收费公路，随后的铁路以及新近的现代道路网络系统。The tendency is for economic growth to be concentrated in areas where transport facilities are goodfor example the construction in the UK of a motorway network during the quarter century starting in about 1960 has increased access from formerly remote areas to the capital and to international links, and those areas have prospered. 目前的趋势是经济增长都集中在交通便捷的地方，比如说1960年开始的持续了四分之一个世纪的英国高速公路网络建设促进了偏远贫困地区与首都甚至国际都市的交流，而且这些地区都蓬勃发展起来了In the previous century the railways had a similar effect: areas formerly several days travel from any centers of population were, with the opening of a connecting railway , suddenly only a few hours away, and benefited as a result. 在上个世纪，铁路都有相似的作用：从一个地方到任何一个人口集中的地方需提前好几天出发，但随着铁路的出现，（几天的行程）突然变成了几个小时，人们因此而受益Roads provide a key element of the infrastructure whose function is to promote economic activity and improve the standard of living of the population.道路提供的基础设施的一个关键是它能够提升经济活动和提高人们的生活水平 Highway engineering is concerned with the best use of resources to ensure that a suitable network is provided to satisfy this need of a economically sophisticated society.高速公路工程专注于最大限度的利用资源以确保被提供的道路交通网络能满足经济复杂社会的需求Originally roads were little more than tracks across the countryside and were hard, dry and dusty in summer and sodden and impassable in winter.最初的道路比乡村公路要小，而且夏天的时候坚硬、干燥，尘土飞扬；冬天的时候潮湿、不可通行， The practice arose, initially in towns, of paving the surface of the road with resilient naturally occurring materials such as stone flags, and such a surface became known as a pavement . （改革的）实践被激发了，最初在城镇，（人们）开始使用天然的弹性材料来铺装路面，就比如说青石板，而就是这种路面成为了众所周知的铺装层。Today this term is applied to any surface intended for traffic and where the native soil has been protected from the harmful effects of that traffic by providing an overlay of imported or treated materials. 现在，这个术语适用于那些用于交通和提供了重叠的进口或处理材料的防止交通损害的原始土基的任何路面The purpose of providing the protection is enable traffic to move easily and therefore more cheaply or quickly along the road.而提供保护的目的在于保证交通运行简单，使得沿路旅程更加便捷3 Highway Types 公路类型3.1 Freeway 高速公路A freeway , as defined by statute, is a highway in respect to which the owners of abutting lands have no right or easement of access to or from their abutting lands or in respect to which such owners have only limited or restricted right or easement of access.一条高速公路，正如相关规程定义的一样，是一条有关于毗邻土地拥有者无权或者说地役权去进入的或者说从他们的毗邻土地穿过的，或者说是有关于这样的土地主只限于或限制于进入的权利或者说地役权的高速公路。 This statutory definition also includes expressways. The engineering definitions for use in this manual are :这个法定定义，还包括高速公路。在本手册中使用的工程的定义是：(a) Freeway A divided arterial highway with full control of access and with grade separations at intersections 高速公路双向分离，完全控制出入，立体交叉的干线道路(b)Expressway An arterial highway with at least partial control of access, which may or may not be divided or have grade separations at intersections.快速公路部分控制出入，可能会或者不会上下行分离以及交叉口处立体交叉3.2 Controlled Access Highway 出入管制公路In situations where it has been determined advisable by the Director or the CTC, a facility may be designated a “controlled access highway” in lieu of the designation “freeway” .由交通管制中心领导合理定义的情境中，设施被指定用“出入管制公路”代替“高速公路”All statutory pertaining to freeways and expressways apply to controlled access highways所有法定的与高速公路和快速路有关的都应用到出入管制公路3.3 Conventional Highway 常规公路A highway without control of access which may not be divided. Grade separations at intersections or access control may be used when justified at spot locations.一条没有控制出入的公路可能不会上下行分离，但立体交叉和出入控制可能会在现场评定以后使用3.4 Highway 公路(a) Arterial Highway A general term denoting a highway primarily for through traffic usually on a continuous route. 主干路一个通用术语，表示通常是在一个连续的路线主要是通过交通的 高速公路。(b) Bypass An arterial highway that permits traffic to avoid part or all of an urban area旁路一条允许交通避免部分或全部城市交通的主干道.(c) Divided Highway A highway with separated roadbeds for traffic in opposing directions.分离式公路一条对向车流方向上具有分离式路床的公路 (d) Major Street or Major Highway An arterial highway with intersections at grade and direct access to abutting property and on which geometric design and traffic control measures are used to expedite the safe movement of through traffic.主要街道或主要公路一条具有同一平面下的交叉口，直达通路进入邻近建筑物以及几何设计和交通管制措施都是用来提高安全出行的主干路(e) Radial Highway An arterial highway leading to or from an urban center.放射路通往城市中心，或由城市中心出外的主干路(f) Through Street or Through Highway Every highway or portion thereof at the entrance to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is regulated by stop signs or traffic control signals or is controlled when entering on a separate right-turn roadway by a yield-right-of way sign.直通大街或直通公路每一条高速路或者其中的部分在车辆从交叉路驶入的路口被停止标志或交通控制信号管制或者当转入一个单独右行道时被优先行驶标志管制。3.5 Parkway 两旁有草木的公路An arterial highway for noncommercial traffic, with full or partial control of access, and usually loca