Unit-4-Astronomy：-the-science-of-the-stars-课件.ppt

Unit4Astronomy thescienceofthestars Period1Warmingupandpre reading Whatsubjectsdoyoulearnatschool ChineseEnglishmathematicsphysicschemistry geographybiologyhistory physicschemistrybiologygeologymathematics MedicineBiochemistryGeophysicsAstronomy Sciencesubjects Frontierscience Warmingup medicinebiologychemistry astronomyphysicsmathematics geophysicsgeologyphysics biochemistrybiologychemistry Astronomyisthescientificstudyoftheuniverseandtheheavenbodies suchasthesun themoon andstars gas anddustwithinit astronomer Solarsystem 水星最接近太阳 是太阳系中第二小行星 水星的英文名字Mercury来自罗马神墨丘利 墨丘利也就是希腊神话中的Hermes 或许由于水星在空中移动得快 才使它得到这个名字 金星是离太阳第二近 太阳系中第六大行星 古希腊人称之为Aphrodite 阿芙罗狄蒂 是希腊神话中爱与美的女神 而在罗马神话中爱与美的女神是维纳斯 Venus 因此金星也称做 维纳斯 地球是距太阳第三颗 它是太阳系类地行星中最大的一颗 也是太阳系第五大行星 行星年龄估计大约有45亿年 4 5 109 地球是唯一一个不是从希腊或罗马神中得到的名字 Earth一词来自于古英语及日耳曼语 这里当然有许多其他语言的命名 在罗马神话中 地球女神叫Tellus 肥沃的土地 火星为距太阳第四远 也是太阳系中第七大行星 因为火星在夜空中看起来是血红色的 所以在西方 以罗马神话中的战神Mars命名它 木星是离太阳第五颗行星 而且是最大的一颗 木星是天空中第四亮的物体 木星是自转最快的行星 在西方称它为朱庇特 Jupiter 是罗马神话中的众神之王 相当于希腊神话中的宙斯 Zeus 土星是离太阳第六远的行星 是太阳系中仅次于木星的第二大行星 中国古代称之为镇星或填星 土星的英文名字Saturn 以及其他绝大部分欧洲语言中的土星名称 是以罗马神的农神萨杜恩命名的 希腊神话中的农神Cronus是Uranus 天王星 和该亚的儿子 也是宙斯的父亲 天王星是太阳系中离太阳第七远行星 颜色为灰蓝色 是一颗巨型气体行星 GasGiant 以直径计算 天王星是太阳系第三大行星 天王星的命名 是取自希腊神话的天神乌拉诺斯 Uranus 乌拉诺斯是古希腊神话中的宇宙之神 是最早的至高无上的神 他是该亚的儿子兼配偶 是Cronus 农神土星 独眼巨人和泰坦的父亲 海王星为太阳系九大行星中的第八个 是一个巨行星 海王星 目前海王星是太阳系内离太阳第二远的行星 海王星的名字是罗马神话中的海神涅普顿 Neptune 古希腊神话中海神叫波塞冬 Poseidon 1 Doyouknowhowdidtheuniversebegin Eachreligionorculturehasitsownideasaboutthebeginningoftheuniverse Pre reading Panguseparatestheskyfromtheearth Panguseparatestheskyfromtheearth Panguseparatedtheearthandskywithanax Afterhedied hisbreathbecamewindandcloud hisvoicebecamethunderandhislefteyesunandrightonemoon armsandlegsbecameedgesandmountains bloodbecameriversandtendon 筋脉 becameroads musclesbecamefieldsandhairstars teethandbonesbecamemetals pearlsandjade sweatbecamerain Otherlegendsaboutthebeginningofuniverse TheHolyBible TheBiblicalAccount Day1 GodspokeandseparatedlightfromdarknesscreatingDayandNightDay2 GodspokeandseparatedthewatercreatingskyandoceanDay3 Godspokeandcreateddryland 上帝创世说 Day4 Godspokeandcreatedthesun moonandstarsDay5 GodspokeandcreatedlivingcreaturesintheairandseaDay6 GodspokeandcreatedthelandanimalsandmanDay7 GodrestedandblessedthisdaycallingitHoly Brahman 婆罗门 isthegodfirstrepresentedintheHinduTriad Heisthecreatoroftheuniverseandalllivingbeingsaresaidtohaveevolvedfromhim India Period2Reading HowLifeBeganontheEarth Doyouknowtheoriginofthehumanbeings Manhadevolvedfromapes Earth Howlifebeganontheearth TheBigBang BigBang Asolidball Atmosphere Theearth Itwasfullofwater Originalcells Thecellsinthewaterbegantoseparate water Plantsinthewater Shellfishandfish Plantsonland Insectsandamphibians Reptiles Dinosaurs Mammals Manhadevolvedfromapes water greenplantsonland 2 34 Howlifebeganontheearth Analysing 5678 forests shellfishandallsortsoffish insects onland amphibians onlandandinwater reptiles onland dinosaurs onland mammals onland smallcleveranimalswithhandsandfeethuman smallplantsinwater 1 AcloudofdustCombineintoasolidballExplode withfire rock produceH2O CO2 O2 N2 othergases atmosphere Cooldown waterappeared dissolveharmfulgasesinto Lifebegan Lifedeveloped Thedevelopmentoflife Scanning Whatwasproducedwhentheearthexploded Howdidwatercomeintobeingontheearth Wheredidlifefirstbegin onthelandorinthesea Whyweremammalsdifferentfromotheranimals Whatwasproducedwhentheearthexploded Watervapour carbondioxide oxygen nitrogenandothergases Howdidwatercomeintobeingontheearth Theexplosionoftheearthproducedwatervapor whichturnedintowaterwhentheearthcooleddown 3 Wheredidlifefirstbegin onthelandorinthesea Inthesea Becausewaterdissolvedharmfulgasesandmadeitpossibleforlifetobegin 4 Whyweremammalsdifferentfromotheranimals Becausetheyproducedtheiryoungfromwithintheirbodies CarefulReadingFinishthecomprehendingonpage27 Thinkaboutwhatyouhavereadandmakechoices Whywastheearthdifferentfromotherplanets Aitproducedalotofheat B Thewaterremained CWaterdisappeared D Itwastheoldestplanet Whywaslifeabletodevelopontheearthbutnotonotherplanets ATheearthhadasolidshape B Theearthdidnothaveharmfulgasesinitsatmosphere CThewaterstayedontheearthbutnotonotherplanets D Theearthwasnottoohotandnottoocold Whywasitnecessaryforplantstogrowbeforeanimals AAnimalsneededplantstoprotectthemfromthesun BPlantsprovidedoxygenforanimalstobreathe CAnimalscouldhidefromhuntersinforest DItwaseasierforplantstogrow Whatproblemiscausedbyhumanbeing ATheyexisteverywhereontheearth BTheycauseglobalwarming CTheyfindnewmethodsofgrowingcrops DTheyenjoyhuntingandfishing Comprehending BCBBDBIGEHACFJacloudofdustasolidballpresenceofwatersmallplantsgrowonthewatershellfishandotherfishappearplantsbegintogrowondrylandinsectsandamphibiansappearreptilesappeardinosaursappearmammals includinghumans appear P26 6 Listentothetape 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Smallplantsinwater Shellfishandallsortsoffish Greenplantsonland Insects onland Amphibian onlandandinwater Forests Reptiles onland Dinosaurs onland Mammals onland Thedevelopmentoflife Whatproblemshavebeencausedbyhumanstotheearth Howtoprotecttheearthandmakeitabetterplacetoliveon Retell TextRetelling Theexplosionoftheearthproduced whichturnedintowaterwhentheearthcooleddown Waterallowedtheearthto harmfulgasesintotheoceansandseas Thatmadeitpossiblefor tobegintodevelop Thearrivalofsmall encouragedthedevelopmentofearly andallsortsoffish Manymillionsofyearslaterthefirstgreenplantsbegantoappearonland water vapour dissolve life plants shellfish Laterlandanimalsappeared Somewere Others called wereabletoliveonlandaswellasinthesea Whentheplantsgrewintoforests appearedforthefirsttime Then developed whichbecamethemostimportantanimalsontheearthformillionsofyears Aftertheydisappeared becamemoreimportant TextRetelling insects amphibians reptiles dinosaurs mammals Theywerethelastgroupofanimalsandtheyweredifferentbecausethey theiryoungfromwithintheirbodies Smallcleveranimals withhandsandfeet and allovertheearth Astimewentby theycoveredtheearthandhavebecomethemostimportantanimalsontheplanet TextRetelling produced appeared spread Period3Grammar Subjectclause Canyoufindthefollowingsentenceinthereadingpassage Inthissentence anounclauseisusedasthesubject Whatitwastobecomewasamysteryuntilthedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaballmovingaroundthesun Pleasepickoutthreemoresentenceswithsubjectclausesfromthereadingpassage 1 becauseitwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot 2 Whatscientiststhinkisthattheearthwasdifferentbecauseof 3 Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependon P64USINGSTRUCTURE Doyouknowwherewecomefrom Howdidtheuniversebegin ReadthepassageandtrytounderstandhowStephenHawkingsolvedtheproblems WhathasattractedStephenHawkingallhislife Doeshethinkitsimpletoanswerthequestions What shisopinion Whathavewediscoveredabouttheuniverse pastandpresent Howcanwehaveacompletepictureoftheuniverse Whattheuniverseislikehasattractedhim No Theanswershavealwayswellbeyondourreach MilkyWaygalaxy billionsofgalaxies inauniversethatisinfiniteandexpanding bigbang blackhole adarkmatter apossibleBigCrunch Learningtounderstandwhatwesee theuniverseislikehasattractedStephenHawkingallhislife isclearandsimpleabouttheuniversehasalwaysseemedtoodifficultforustoanswer theuniverseexiststhewayitdoesisamajorquestiontoallthosewhohavelookedatstarslikeHawking hasdevelopedovertwothousandyearsofobservationhastobegreatlyrevised intheuniverseweliveisnotthecentre butoneofthemineplanetsorbitingthesun whichisjustoneofmillionsofstarsinourownMilkyWaygalaxy What What Why What where 6 weunderstandtheuniverseisthetimewhenwehumanbeingswillhaveansweredallthequestions 7 wecanhaveacompletepictureoftheuniversedependsonlearningtounderstandwhatwesee 8 Hawkingwantstotellusinthistextisthatweshouldstudytheuniverse understandit When How What 做主语用的名词性从句 因其在复合句中做主语 又称主语从句 引导主语从句的有从属连词that whether 连接代词who what which 连接副词when where how why等 1 连接词 1 从属连词 that whether等 that引导主语从句只起引导作用 本身无实际意义 在主语从句中不充当任何成分 但不能省略 Thatshelefthimcuthimtotheheart Thathewillcomeiscertain 2 连接代词who what which whatever whichever whoever Whatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoothers Whichsidewillwinisnotclear 由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首 句后都可 Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay Whethershe scomingornotdoesn tmattertoomuch 3 连接副词when where how why等 Whyhediditremainsamystery Whentheywillstartisnotknownyet Howhebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall 2 位置 主语从句可以前置 也可以后置 用it做形式主语 而把主语从句放在句末 常用下面几种句型 1 It be 表语 主语从句表语 名词 形容词 过去分词 Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam ItistruethatItoldhereverything Itisapitythatwecan tgo Itisnosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame ItisanhonourthatIwasinvitedtoattendthemeeting ItissaidthatMr GreenhasarrivedinBeijing ItisreportedthatChinahassentanothermanmadeearthsatelliteintoorbit 2 It 不及物动词或短语 主语从句Itseemed happened doesn tmatter hasturnedout that Ithappensthattheywereabsent ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall Itdoesn tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting 3 It 及物动词 被动语态 主语从句 IthasbeendecidedthattheexhibitionwillnotopenonSundays 注意 1 主语从句在句首时 必须由连接词引导 不能省略这些连接词 但是如果用it做形式主语 而把主语从句放在句末时 从属连词that可以省略 误 Theyshouldlikeeachotherisnatural 正 Thattheyshouldlikeeachotherisnatural 正 Itisnaturalthattheyshouldlikeeachother 2 如果主语从句放在句首 不能用if引导 但是如果用it做形式主语 而把主语从句放在句末时 也可以用if引导 误 IfMaryreallyheardhimisreallydoubtful 正 ItwasdoubtfulifMaryreallyheardhim 1 Ihavealwaysbeenhonestandstraightforward anditdoesn tmatter thatI mtalkingto A whoisitB whoitisC itiswhoD itiswhom 2 Itisprettywellunderstood controlstheflowofcarbondioxideinandouttheatmospheretoday A thatB whenC whatD how 3 madetheschoolproudwas morethan90 ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities A What becauseB What thatC That whatD That because 4 wewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather A IfB WhetherC ThatD Where5 thattheycanpassthewrittenexamthistime A ThatishopedB ItishopedC IthopesD Thathopes 6 Itwasdoubtful Maryreallyheardhim A thatB ifC whetherD what Readingcomprehension PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese Whatitwastobecomewasamysteryuntilthedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaballmovingaroundthesun 随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜 直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物 2 Theproblemwasthattheearthbecameviolentbecauseitwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot 问题是地球 开始 变得激烈动荡 不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去 3 Itallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgases whichhadbecomepartoftheearth satmosphere intotheoceansandseas 它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体 溶解在海洋里 4 Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved 在未来的千百万年中 生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决 Homework Reviewthesubjectiveclause Finishtheexerciseontheworkbook Period4Languagepoints 1 Whatitwastobecomewasamysteryuntilthedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaballmovingaroundthesun 使大家吃惊的是 isthathedidn tcometothemeeting Whatsurprisedeverybody 2 他所做的 addedtoourdifficulty Whathedid wecan tgetseemsbetterthan wehave What whatB What thatC That thatD That what madetheschoolproudwas morethan90 ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities A What becauseB What that C That whatD That because A B 2 Theproblemwasthattheearthbecameviolentbecauseitwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot 问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡 不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去 n 固体solid liquid gasadj 固体的 实心的 无空隙的 结实的 坚固的 solidfuelssolidfoodasolidspheresolidfurnitureamanofsolidbuild 1 Matterhasthreestates solid liquidandgas 2 Whenwaterfreezes itbecomessolidandwecallitice beto do something willdefinitelyhappen oritmusthappen不可避免要发生或必须发生 e g Theysaidgoodbye littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain Sheistobehonouredforthisgreatwork Mr Clarksaidtohisdaughter Youaretobehomeby10o clockatthelatest 3 Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapour 1 使某物 炸开 爆炸 2 指感情 激发 3 指人口 突然或迅速增加 Thefireworkexplodedinhishandandhewashurtseriously Iwasfrightenedwhensheexplodedintoloudlaughter Nowitisnoteasytofindjobswiththeexplodingpopulation explosionn 爆炸 声 explosiveadj 爆炸性的 易爆炸的n 炸药 爆炸物 intime forsth todosth notlate及时 不迟Shewillbebackintimetopreparedinner 她来得及回来准备晚饭 intime soonerorlater eventually迟早 最后I llseehimintime 总有一天我会遇见他 in outoftime in notinthecorrecttime合 不合节拍Theaudienceclappedintimetothemusic 观众合着音乐的节拍拍手 4 Astheearthcooleddown waterbegantoappearonitssurface 随着地球的冷却 地球的表面就开始出现了水 cooladj 凉快 冷静 冷淡 v 使 变冷 冷静下来 1 Let ssitintheshadeandgetcool 2 IknewIhadtokeepcool 3 Hisplayreceivedacoolresponsefromthepublic 4 Therainhascooledtheair 5 Letyoursoupcoolalittlebeforeyoudrinkit 6 Aheatedargumentcanbesettledbetterifbothsidescooldownfirst 7 Itriedtocoolherdownbutshewasstillveryangrywhensheleft 5 Nobodyknewthatitwasgoingtobedifferentfromotherplanetsgoingroundthesun bevery much quite entirely totallydifferentfrom与 不同 Citylifeisquitedifferentfromcountrylife 1 城市生活和农村生活很不同 2 他们的品位和我不同 Theirtastesaredifferentfrommine Therearedifferencesbetween and 与 之间有不同之处tell from 把 与 区分开来thesameas 与 一样besimilarto与 相似 goingroundthesun为现在分词短语 做定语 表示一般的动作 例如 Menbreakingthelawwillbepunished Menwhobreakthelawwillbepunished 现在分词短语作定语 也可表示进行的动作 例如 Canyouseethegirldancingwithyourboyfriend Canyouseethegirlwhoisdancingwithherboyfriend 你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗 6 Itallowstheearthtodissolveharmfulgases which allowvt 允许 许可 容许allow n pron doingallowsb todobeallowedtodo Myfatherdoesn tallowsmokingathome Infacthedoesn tallowustosmokeanywhereatanytime 父亲不允许在家里吸烟 实际上 他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟 Areweallowedtousethecomputer 我们可以用电脑么 beharmfulto对 有害 doharmtosb dosb harm伤害某人 对某人有害处 1 Pollutionisespeciallyharmfultoanimals 2 Smokingwilldoyoualotofharm it作形式宾语 其真正的宾语可以是不定式 动名词和从句 TheforeignMinistersaid ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace 2004BJ A ThisisB ThereisC ThatisD Itis 2 Ilike intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright NMET2004 A thisB thatC itD one 3 Whydon tyoubring tohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoit A thisB thatC whatD it D C D 7 Thatmadeitpossibleforlifetobegintodevelop 4 Why Ihavenothingtoconfess youwantmetosay A WhatisitthatB WhatitisthatC HowisitthatD Howitisthat5 Wasitattheschool wasnamedafterahero hespenthischildhood A which thatB where whereC that whereD which where A A 8 Theymultipliedandfilledthefirstoceansandseaswithoxygen multiply 数目上 增加 增多 乘 使 繁殖 1 Ourproblemshavemultipliedsincelastyear 2 2and5multiplytomake10 4 Theplantsheremultiplyrapidly 3 6multipliedby5is30 Multiply6by5tomake30 9 Thisencouragedthedevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish encourage鼓舞 促进 怂恿 后接名词 代词 也可接不定式作宾语补足语 如 Highpricesforcornandwheatwillencouragefarming 玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展 Mysuccessencouragedmetocontinue 我的成功鼓励我继续干下去 Heencouragedmetolearndancing 他鼓励我去学跳舞 development 1 U 成长 发育 发展 过程 扩展 Thedevelopmentofthisindustrywilltakeseveralyears 这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间 2 C 开发区 新社区anewhousingdevelopment新建住宅区 3 C 进化 进展 新情况 新闻Whatarethelatestdevelopments Theuseofcomputersinteachingisarecentdevelopment 教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事 10 Manymillionsofyearslaterthefirstgreenplantsbegantoappearonland late adj 迟到的 晚的 前任的 以前的 已故的 later adv 后来 较晚时候 过后adj late的比较级 更迟的 更后的 latest adj 最新的 lately adv recently近来 1 Mr ZhuRongjiisthelatePrimeMinisterofChina 3 Shesaidshewouldringyoulaterthismorning 5 It sonlylatelythatshehasbeenwellenoughtogoout 2 Heisoftenlateforschool 4 Haveyouheardaboutthelatestnews 11 Whentheplantsgrewintoforests reptilesappearedforthefirsttime Sheisgrowingintoabeautifulyoungwoman 她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘 生长成为 渐渐成为或变得 不用于被动语态 12 Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs It sgenerallybelievedthat 一般认为 generallyspeaking一般而言 概括来说 1 It sgenerallybelievedthatgirlsworkharderthanboysdo 2 Generallyspeaking womencrymoreeasilythanmen Thenaughtyboy tomethatthehenthat therejustnowhad twoeggsthedaybefore A laid laid laidB laid lay lainC lied laid lainD lied lay laid D 13 Smallcleveranimals nowwithhandsandfeet appearedandspreadallovertheearth vi 散布 传播 蔓延 伸展 扩展 vt 铺开 摊开 1 Thenewsspreadthroughtheschoolveryquickly 2 There sadesertspreadingforhundredsofmiles 3 Hespreadouthisarmstowelcomeus 4 Ispreadanewclothonthetable 14 Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere whichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace 阻止某人做某事 preventsb from doingsth stopsb from doingsth keepsb fromdoingsth 1 Wemustpreventthemfrommakingtrouble 2 Youshouldpreventthechildfrominjuringhimself Ifnothingprevents 如果没有什么阻碍的话 15 Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved dependon sb sth sb todosth sb doingsth sb sth forsth 相信 信赖 依靠 依赖 视 而定 取决于 1 Whenyouareinastrangeplaceyou dbetterdependonthemap 2 Youcan tdependonotherstohelpyou 3 Alllivingthingsdependonthesunfortheirgrowth 4 Hedependsonhispenforhisliving wh 5 Youcandependonhim He llleadyouthere 6 Successdependsonyourownhardwork 7 Oursuccessdependsonwhethereveryoneworkshard dependonit没问题 请放心 句末或句首 That It all depends 那得看情况而定 1 Dependonit you llsucceed 2 Hemaysupportme butitdepends Tellhimwhatyouwanttosay he samanto A countB believeC trustD depend解析 相信 信赖某人 countonsb believeinsb dependonsb trust in sb C Wordstudy TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish 把 当作太阳系总有一天 及时一般地说来信赖 取决于目前做出选择天文学氧阻止 thinkof assolarsystemintimegenerallyspeakingdependonatpresentmakechoicesastronomyoxygenprevent from makewatchwonderbecoolmultiplybeginexistexplode Wheredowecomefrom Howdidtheuniverse Whenwe thestarsthroughthetelescope we whytheuniverse Afterthe BigBang theearth justacloudofenergeticdust Somehowit loudlywithfireandrock which theearth satmosphere Astheearth downwater toappearonitssurface whichwasimportantforthebeginningoflife Thenlivingthings ontheearth begin watch wonder exists was exploded made cooled began multiplied Period5Usinglanguage Listeninganddiscussing Doyouknowthefollowingscientists Whoarethey Whathavetheydiscovered IsaacNewton 牛顿1642 1727 Universalgravitation万有引力 Einstein Albert 1879 1955 爱因斯坦 Relativity 相对论 andtheCosmos 宇宙 Thetheoryaboutblackholes 黑洞理论 霍金 ListentoPar1andPart2ofthetapeandchoosethebestsummaryofthelisteningtext