解析市场条件下的花卉生产管理.doc

/ /解析市场条件下的花卉生产管理摘要：详细阐述了市场条件下花卉的生产管理,包括生产目标与计划、生产管理记录、成本分析等方面的内容,以期促进花卉生产的有效管理,从而提高市场收益。Abstract: flower market conditions were introduced in detail in production management, including planning, production management and production targets of the record, cost analysis, etc, in order to promote the effective management of flower production, to improve the market returns.关键词：市场条件;花卉;生产管理Key words: market conditions; Flowers; The production management近年来,随着我国花卉业的发展,花卉产品数量大幅增加,我国花卉业开始步入调整期,由原来的自产自销模式向现在的产销分离转变,这是现代化大生产的必然趋势。花卉产业在市场发展过程中要注意解决发展中,尤其是生产管理存在的问题。花卉业市场化生产管理的出现,为我国花木行业的发展注入了新的现代化经营机制,对于扩大生产、引导消费、降低成本、完善有序的流通秩序都将起到积极的推动作用。In recent years, with the development of horticulture, flowers and plants product quantity is increased, Chinese horticulture is put into the adjustment period, by original self-marketing model to now the production and marketing of separation, this is the inevitable trend of modern production. Development of flower industry in the market should pay attention to solve in the process of developing, especially the problems of production management. Horticulture is the emergence of market-oriented production management, to the flowers and trees industry in our countrys development has injected new modern management mechanism, to expand production, guiding consumption, reduce costs, improve orderly distribution order will play a positive role.生产管理和生产作业是2种完全不同的活动。生产管理是对生产作业、时间安排和资源配置的控制。生产作业则是对计划发展的执行,随着花卉产量的增加,市场份额的不断扩大,花卉经营从业者逐年增多,生产者自然随产品销售的发展而扩大生产规模和生产范围,但这种扩大常常是盲目无计划的,因而在空间及时间的需求方面或在全部现有的生产操作方面都存在问题。现在不少花卉生产者只关心栽培的植物而对生产管理的效率不注意和了解,由于对生产规划区安排不当等,不少单位摆脱不了品种、种类多的局限,种苗、盆花、切花受市场的影响,种植比例常常变化,栽培期和栽培要求之间相互影响,容器的不同规格和土壤的各种成分比较复杂,花卉生产的技术与管理较少或根本没有规范和实现标准化,很难达到预期的市场收益目标1-2。Production management and production operation are two totally different activities. Production management is the production operation, the control of timing and resource allocation. Production is on the execution of the plan development, with the increase of flower production, the expansion of the market share, flower business practitioners increased year by year, the producer nature along with the development of the product sales to expand production scale and production scope, but the expansion is often unplanned blindly, so in terms of space and time requirements or in all existing problems are exist in the operation. Now many producers only CARES about the cultivation of plants and flowers on the efficiency of production and management do not pay attention to and understanding, because of improper production planning arrangements, etc., many institutions could not get rid of the limitations of the varieties, variety, seedling, cut flowers, potted flower is influenced by the market, to grow is often change, influence each other between cultivation and cultivation requirements, containers of different specifications and components of soil is more complex, flower production technology and management are less or no standard and standardization, it is difficult to achieve the desired market earnings targets 1-2.1生产目标与计划1 production goals and plans1.1生产目标1.1 production targets目标可以是现有保护地单面积的一定产量;可以是某个时期经营中的一个利润值;可能是一个预先指定低水平的产品损耗,也可能是一定水平的质量或经营规模的扩大,或产品引进新品种的数量和规模等。制定目标,必须尽量明确如收入的多少、花盆的数量、不同等级切花比率;当以某一类花卉的产品质量作为生产目标,管理者应知道单位产品质量在市场中的份额,在掌握必要的信息后,可将投资按比例分配以保证目标的实现。Goals can be a single area of a certain output of existing protected area; Can have a profit value of business over a given period of time; May be a prespecified low levels of product loss, also may be a certain level of quality or the expansion of business scale, or number and size of new varieties of product introduction, etc. Set goals, must try to clear as income amount of how many, flower POTS, different grades of cut ratio; As one kind of flowers and plants product quality as production goals, managers should know unit product quality in the market share, after mastering the necessary information, investment can be proportional distribution to ensure the realization of the goal.1.2生产计划1.2 the production plan为获得最佳的栽培、生产及市场效果,预先做好计划是非常重要的,而最重要的是预先对销售的潜力的价格的期望作一彻底的研究。一般的假设是长期供应各（版权声明：本文转载自论文网在线()，版权归原作者所有。）种颜色的花会创立一个有利的市场,一个好的计划重要是能提前1.52.0年制订出一个种植安排时,数据是必需的,而从行业中获得资料肯定是有用的。计划所需的重要资料,包括可利用温室地面面积或户外栽培能用的地面面积;品种及其生长期;品质相关资料以及关于全年栽培的适应性和可利用性的资料;施用土壤消毒剂适宜的时间,栽培所需的温度和种植密度;种植时间及完成日期;种植前准备工作所需时间;所需劳动力合理分配及投资预算等,在此基础上制定详细的计划。计划应包括时间的选定和进度的安排,合理的时间安排是杜绝拖延的最好办法,时间的选定与研究会涉及一系列的技术规范与要求,即制订一项许可的时间标准,以便在允许的时间范围内完成规定的任务,只有根据在比较协调的物产系统中可能分配哪些工作才能制定这些标准,一旦有了有效时间和操作规范,要求每个员工就要分析采用什么方法才能制定出更好的进度和作出最好的设备配置。In order to obtain the best effect of cultivation, production and market, it is very important to plan in advance, and most importantly price expectations about the potential sales in advance make a thorough study. General assumptions is long-term supply various (net of paper of copyright statement: this article reprinted from online (), all peer originator.) Colours of flowers to create a favorable market, important is a good plan to 1.5 2.0 years worked out ahead of a planting arrangement, the data is required, and data from industry is certainly useful. Plan for important information, including use of greenhouse surface area or outdoor cultivation can use ground area; Varieties and growth period; Quality related data and information about cultivation of adaptability and availability throughout the year; Applying soil disinfectant suitable time, the temperature needed for cultivation and planting density; Planting time and the completion date; Before planting time needed for preparation; Labor needed for rational allocation and investment budget, etc., on the basis of the detailed planning. Plan should include the selection of time and schedule arrangement, reasonable time arrangement is the best way to eliminate delays, selection of time and research involves a series of technical specifications and requirements, namely a permission of time standards, in order to fulfill the task of provisions within the allowed time, only according to the coordinate system of property which may be assigned in work to develop these standards, once the effective time and operation specification, requires each employee to analysis what method is used to make a better progress and make the best equipment configuration.1.3生产区的区划与布局1.3 production division and layout科学的规划和布局,有利于充分利用土地,节约能源,减少生产阻力和畅通等。以图纸的形式绘制生产区各功能区,一般只需标明栽培温室的平面轮廓、可测量种植台、地面植床,为计算温室面积有效栽培面积的需要量、每个温室切花株数或盆花数、走道与种植面积,比例及合理安排工作台等提供了资料。同时,标明棚室的用途,栽培花卉的类别,移动时间情况,在大型的育苗盆花生产中流水作业流程各个环节的图解应详细标注,当然还应与布局情况相符合。Scientific planning and layout, which is beneficial to make full use of the land, save energy and reduce resistance and flow of production. Map production each function in the form of drawings, cultivation of greenhouse in general just plane contour planting bed, measurable planting machine, ground, for computing requirements, each greenhouse greenhouse area of effective cultivated area of cut flowers number or the number of potted flower, walkways and planting area, scale, reasonable arrangement of work table provides the data, etc. Cultivation at the same time, indicate the PengShi USES, flower category, mobile time, in the large potted flower of seedling production line production process each link of the diagrams should be detailed annotations, should also be consistent with layout situation of course.2生产管理记录2 production management records2.1栽培记录2.1 the cultivation栽培记录包括栽培安排与各项操作工序如栽植、移苗、摘心、修剪、化学调控、肥料、药剂、调节剂使用日期与效果以及完成时间等应由员工负责记录,注明更改的工序和未被列入计划的操作。栽培环境记录包括保护地温度、光照、湿度、土壤基质、病虫害发生及预防措施等可见观察记录。在保护地促成栽培过程中,温度、湿度、光照因素的自然状况和调节对产品影响至关重要,阶段性连续记录,有利于分析环境调控的效果和设备的质量,为以后制订栽培计划和分析成本提供依据。Cultural record includes arrangement and the operation process such as planting, bed out, pick heart, pruning, fertilizer, pharmaceutical, chemical regulation, regulator using date and effect, and completion time should the employee is responsible for the record, indicating the change process and is not included in the operation of the plan. Cultivation environment record including temperature, light, humidity, soil protection substrate, plant diseases and insect pests occurrence and prevention measures are visible observation records. In protected area forcing culture process, temperature, humidity, illumination factors of natural conditions and adjustment of product is important, periodic continuous recording, conducive to the analysis of the effect of environmental regulation and quality, provide the basis for later cultivation plan and cost analysis.2.2产品记录2.2 product record管理者应对花卉生长周期内生长发育状况详细记录,如花色、花型、高度、叶色、株型、病虫害等,还包括开花或盆栽收获的数量、日Managers deal with flower growth period growth conditions detailed records, such as color, shape, height, leaf color, plant type, plant diseases and insect pests, etc, also including the number of flowers or potted plants harvest, day期、等级等,这些记录是成本计算的依据,不同年的记录比较,能够分析植物生长情况,有助于找到不良植株的问题所在。Stage, grade, etc., these records are costing, based on comparing different years of record, and can analyze plant growth situation, help to find bad plant problem.2.3栽培技术改良措施记录2.3 planting technology and improvement action该记录有助于在生产区工作中每个环节是否合理,找到问题,提出建议,研究协调改进措施,如生产栽培区布局是否有利于操作,工作环境是否良好状态,设备是否保持正常作状态,如何能缩短生产周期和提高产品质量,技术处理中是否到位发生变化,时间与进度安排是否合理保证花卉不同花期。技术的改进既需全面又需落实到实处,形成一个有效的链条3。The record helps to every link in production work is reasonable, find the problem, put forward Suggestions, coordinate research improvement measures, such as production cultivation area layout to the operation, the working environment is in good condition, whether to keep the normal state, how to shorten the production cycle and improve product quality, technical processing is in place, and time schedule is reasonable guarantee that different flowering. Technology improvement is need comprehensive and needs to implement effect, form an effective chain 3.2.4产投记录2.4 production record通过产投记录分析,可发现栽培中失误时改正,也可严格实施经营的程序,产投记录包括投入和收入两部分,其中投入又分为可变投入和固定投入。可变投入是花卉栽培中的劳动量和运费市场波动差价等;固定投入包括工资、折旧费维修费、技术交流活动、学习办公费等。还有一部分属于半固定投入,如燃料、水电等,它们随产量的增加而增加,但不与具体花卉产品相关。收入应根据花卉种植品种类型分别记录,按销售日期、市场供求、产品等级品质记录,有助于掌握市场动态,及时调整品种适应市场需求。Through analysis of records, can be found in the error correction, can also be strict implementation of operating procedures, voting record includes both investment and income, which is divided into variable input and fixed investment. Variable input is labor and freight market volatility of flower culture difference, etc.; Depreciation of fixed inputs including wages, maintenance, technical exchanges, learning, office, etc. Part of belongs to a half fixed inputs, such as fuel, water and electricity, they increase with the increase of the production, but not related to specific flower products. Revenue should be recorded respectively, depending on the type of flower planting varieties according to the date of sales, market supply and demand, product grade quality records, will help to grasp the market dynamics, adjust breed to adapt to market demand.3成本分析3 cost analysis栽培种植记录一方面有助于工作合理改进,另一方面有助于作为经济分析的参考,为成本分析提供依据。Cultivation records help work reasonable improvement on the one hand, on the other hand help as reference of economic analysis, provide the basis for cost analysis.（版权声明：本文转载自论文网在线()，版权归原作者所有。）(net of paper of copyright statement: this article reprinted from online (), all peer originator.)3.1营利与亏损评估3.1 profit and loss assessment种植记录的研究与投入分析成为成本分析的主要工作,包括可变投入、固定投入分析,花卉栽培品种的投入的项目和收入的来源与利用。通过固定投入单位面积种植计算,评估各类花卉,根据它占据的面积进行计算,将可变投入可分配到各种花卉上。如果运用多个销售渠道,收入不定,通过收入分析可掌握不同时期花卉的基本利润情况,能有效处理栽培区各种花卉的轮作问题,提高栽培地的利用率4。在花卉用花淡季中闲置的种植床如冬春盆花一品红、报春、瓜叶菊等留床时间短,不能再种植1茬花卉,则其固定投入另需维持。Planting record investment in research and analysis become the main work of cost analysis, including variable input, fixed investment analysis, flower cultivars of investment projects and the source of income and the use. Through the calculation of fixed inputs per unit area plant, evaluate all kinds of flowers, according to the calculated, it occupies an area will be variable inputs can be assigned to all kinds of flowers. If using multiple sales channels, income, through the analysis of the income can grasp the basic profit situation of flowers and plants in different periods, can effectively deal with the rotation of cultivation area of all kinds of flowers, raise the utilization rate of cultivated land 4. Idle in the off-season for flowers with flowers such as winter and spring planting bed potted poinsettia, harbinger, cineraria leave bed time is short, can no lon