研究生科技英语阅读答案.doc

Unit 1Genetically Modified FoodsFeed the World?II. Vocabulary 1. alternative 2. modification 3. devastating 4. rigorous 5. collaborate6. recoup 7. incentive 8. restriction 9. subjected to 10. array of11. attribute to 12. being exposedto 13. incorporate into 14. fortified with 15. suffers fromIII. Translation (1) vocal green lobbies 主张环保的游说集团arable land 耕地面积 vitamin A deficiency 缺乏维生素Anutritionally improved crops 增进营养成分的农作物 restore the balance 避免这一损失staple crops主要粮食作物neutralize aluminum toxicity中和铝的毒性overall crop productivity农业总产量transport infrastructures运输基础设施target rich markets把富裕国家的市场作为目标(2) 转基因食品来源于转基因生物体。转基因生物体自身发生了特定变化，基因工程技术使得其DNA发生这种变化成为可能。这些技术比突变（突变育种）精确的多，因为突变只使某个生物体暴露于辐射或化学物质从而创造一种非特异性而稳定的变化。人类改变食物机体的其他技术还包括选择性育种（植物育种和养殖动物），和体细胞无性系变异。转基因食品于90年代初首次推出市场。通常情况下，转基因食品为转基因植物产品：大豆，玉米，油菜，棉花子油。但动物产品也已得到开发。2006年研究人员通过一种名为线虫的基因，在一头猪身上有争议的研发出- 3脂肪酸。研究人员还开发了一种转基因品种的猪，它能够更高效地吸收植物磷，因此其粪便的磷含量也减少高达60%。批评家反对转基因食品的若干理由，包括理论或想象的安全问题，生态问题，经济问题，上述问题的提出是由于转基因生物体受知识产权法支配。2.Translate the following Chinese into English. (1) 挑起争论to spark a debate 转基因食品genetically modified foods 解决问题 to resolve issues食物链the food chain 供大于求The supply exceeds the needs 世界人均耕地the worlds cultivable land per person大幅度提高to increase significantly 罪魁祸首 to play the largest role 从整体上看 taken as a whole 尖端研究the leading-edge research(2) Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there(3) to have no access to the health service(4) an important role in prospering and developing(5) a depression in yield and a reduction in quality(6) could have made a good salary(7) We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much.(8) The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood.(9) During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastating consequences to all people of the world.(10) This University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over 2.3 million volumes. It supports the Universitys research and teaching across a full range of subjects, and provides information about the Librarys collections and services in each subject area.(11) The recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening the economic gap between the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets.(12) Chinas government declared two strains of genetically modified rice safe to produce and consume, taking a major step toward endorsing the use of biotechnology in the staple food crop of billions of people in Asia. China is the worlds top producer and consumer of rice, so its use of modified varieties has the potential to alter the grains global supply patterns. Chinas officials have been less constrained by public pressure over the sometimes-controversial use of biotechnology in food than officials in other countries. The government has long supported research into agricultural biotechnology as part of a drive to ensure the nation remains self-sufficient in staple crops. IV. Cloze1. species 2. predictable 3. unrelated 4. different 5. into 6. produce 7. seeing 8. also 9. obvious 10. inserted 11. nobody 12. approved 13. apparently 14. humans 15. risksUnit 2The Biology of Skin Color: Black and WhiteII. Vocabulary 1. dismayed 2. formulated 3. dissipate 4. evaporation 5. forage for6. dispersing 7. hampered 8. correlated with 9. defect 10. inhibits11. overdose 12. disproved 13. block out 14. reserves 15. complementIII. Translation1. (1) went through the literature on the subject 查阅这一专题的文献a recent issue of the Journal of Human Evolution 最近一期的人类进化杂志exposure to the sun 强烈阳光are particularly vulnerable to overheating 特别易受过热温度的伤害to absorb or disperse ultraviolet light 吸收或散射紫外线childrens neural-tube defects 婴儿的神经管缺陷overdosing on vitamin D 过量摄取维生素Dhard data correlating skin color to light levels 与肤色与光线水平有关联的过硬数据。ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射alert people to the importance of vitamin D 使人们注意他们饮食中富含维生素D的重要性 (2) 20世纪80年代以前，研究人员只能对究竟有多少紫外线辐射到达地球表面做出估计。但在1978年，美国航空航天局（NASA）发射了“臭氧总量测绘分光计”。3年前，杰布隆斯基和卓别林得到了该分光计所测的全球紫外线测量数据。他们把这些数据与已经发表的来自50多个国家的有关当地人口肤色的数据进行了比较。令他们欣慰的是，它们之间有着明确无误的相关性：紫外线越弱，皮肤就越白皙。杰布隆斯基进而表明，生活在纬度50度以上的人缺乏维生素D的风险最高。“这曾是人类定居历史上最后的障碍之一，” 杰布隆斯基说。“只是在人类学会了捕鱼，因而能获得富含维生素D的食物后，他们才能够定居在这些地区。”2.(1) 中暑 heatstroke 浅色的皮肤 light skin 早在20世纪60年代 As far back as the 1960s 阻挡紫外线 block the light 明确无误的相关性 an unmistakable correlation 缺乏维生素D vitamin D deficiency富含维生素D的食物 food rich in vitamin D 远离赤道的人 People far from the equator 吸收阳光 drink in the sun 云雾迷漫的地方 cloudy climes (2) He was not severely punished for his crime(3) advance our knowledge of the HIV virus. (4) when taken according to the direction/instruction(5) to have no access to the health service(6) He has some vague ideas about what to do(7) After three days of dismay they submitted to him and begged his forgiveness.(8) No sooner had the controversy within the administration been settled than another more violent storm burst over the country(9) The UN and its agencies protect vulnerable groups, like children, refugees, displaced persons, minorities, indigenous people and the disabled.(10) A recent research finds that Listening to loud music while driving can seriously hamper reaction times and cause accidents. (11) During the SARS outbreak, the lack of effective medicines and doctors had devastating consequences to all people of the world.(12) When it comes to your skin, there is an extremely important fact that you must keep in mind: Your skin is the largest organ of your body. As an obvious result, skin health and maintenance is crucial. Your skin does everything from protecting you from the elements to assisting you with breathing. Your skin keeps your body hydrated and regulates your bodys temperature. In the end, this really is only the beginning of all of the various vital functions that your skin provides to you every moment of your life.IV. Cloze1 hard 2 surprisingly 3 represents 4 out 5 identify 6 within 7 damaged 8 down 9 comes 10 whyUnit 3Can Dirt Do a Little Good?II. Vocabulary 1. enchant 2. upscale 3. evoke 4. intriguing 5. preoccupation6. trade for 7. eradicating 8. virtually 9. stimulating 10. lurk11. stunted 12. harness 13. teem with 14. vigilance 15. suspendedIII. Translation1. (1) standards of hygiene卫生状况 upscale urban infants生活在高消费城市的婴儿makes no mention of没有提到evoke an intriguing medical controversy激起了一场医疗争议anti-microbial products抗菌产品traded one problem for another problem将一种问题转化为另外一种问题build up resistance to disease建立抵抗疾病的免疫系统prime a childs immune system帮助婴儿建立免疫系统decontaminated water纯净水(2) 说起母乳喂养，有好消息也有坏消息。好消息是的是美国75%的母亲都开始用母乳喂哺孩子，不好的消息是只有不到四分之一的妈妈坚持全年的母乳喂养。而这只是美国儿科学会建议的母乳哺育婴儿的最低标准。Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that just 43% of U.S. mothers were still nursing at six months, although the AAP advises babies stick exclusively to breast milk during that period. (This, despite supermodel Gisele Bundchens much-publicized proposal last month espousing an international law mandating that mothers breastfeed their babies for six months.)来自美国疾病控制和预防中心的研究人员发现，只有43%的美国母亲会坚持护理六个月，尽管美国儿科学会提醒在此期间婴儿还需要母乳哺育。（情况还是这样，尽管超级名模吉赛尔邦辰在上周大肆吹嘘支持国际法规定母亲至少要哺乳孩子六个月）At one year, 22% of women were still breast-feeding.一年下来，还有22% 的妇女仍在坚持母乳喂哺。We need to direct even more effort toward making sure mothers have the support they need in hospitals, workplaces and communities to continue breast-feeding beyond the first few days of life, so they can make it to those six- and 12-month marks, says William Dietz, director of CDCs Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity.疾病防控中心营养搭配，身体活动与肥胖科主任威廉迪茨说，“我们需要采取更多地措施来保障母亲们在医院，工作场所以及社会中能得到应有的支持，支持母亲们在婴儿出生后的最初几天里可以继续用母乳喂养，从而她们就可以完成那六个月和十二个月的哺育指标了。”Reams of research have linked breastfeeding to scores of benefits for both mom and baby: breast-fed babies arent as likely to fall prey to obesity, ear infections or diabetes; breast-feeding moms benefit from a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Because breast-fed babies are healthier, the AAP projects that a significant increase in the nations breast-feeding rate could trim nearly $4 billion a year in health care costs.大量的研究已经把母乳哺育同它母亲和婴儿的诸多益处联系了起来。母乳喂养的孩子不容易得肥胖症耳部感染或糖尿病，而用母乳哺育孩子的妈妈得乳腺癌和子房癌的风险也会降低。由于母乳喂养的婴儿更健康，母乳喂养率的显著提高一年可以减少40亿美元的医疗保健支出。2.(1) 免疫性疾病allergic diseases暴露于刺激免疫系统的细菌Exposure to immune-stimulating germs公共卫生取得了长足的进步made enormous strides in public health从范围和后果上讲in terms of scale and impact增强免疫harness the immune-priming effects临床试验Clinical trials肉眼不可见的invisible to the naked eye数目是人体细胞的10倍outnumber human cells by about 10 to 1在医院工作的人health-care workers(2) To allow diverse economic sectors to coexist with state economy(3) no place can compare with their own hometown.(4) you are at risk of losing your drivers license(5) more and more intriguing.(6) the controversy has been settled.(7) The government is making efforts to eradicate racial discriminating.(8) In practical appraisal, the basic premise is to determine the value of the property. (9) The financial market system is being completed, and the distribution and utilization efficiency of social capital have increased steadily.(10) Only when we give full play to mans initiative can we make full use of machines to transform nature.(11) The era in which the Chinese people were regarded as uncivilized is now ended. We shall emerge in the world as a nation with an advanced culture.(12) Now a Bristol University dental scientist has discovered that a common bacteria responsible for tooth decayand gum disease can break out into the bloodstream and help blood clots to form. In turn these can cause heart attacks and strokes, which together cause more than 200,000 deaths in Britain every year. People need to be aware that as well keeping a check on their diet, blood pressure, cholesterol and fitness levels, they also need to maintain good dental hygiene to minimize their risk of heart problems.IV. Cloze1. to 2. significant 3. breast-fed 4. who 5. hypothesized 6. months 7. laboratory 8. rate 9.terms 10. revealed 11.overfeedUnit 4Is Time Travel Possible?II. Vocabulary 1. shortcut 2. attentive 3. twisty 4. indulge in 5. emerge6. far-fetched 7. wrinkle 8. capture 9. tricky 10. paradox11. violation 12. transmitted 13. amplified 14. expanded 15. inflationIII. Translation1. (1) the fastest manned vehicle最快的人造交通工具go more than 2,000 times faster达到该速度的2000倍a tricky concept to wrap your head around需要你绞尽脑汁的抽象概念fire the shot开枪violate a fundamental rule违反了一个基本规定the other way around倒过来the sound system 声音系统a twisty mountain road 崎岖不平的山路a truly remarkable device 一个非同凡响的设备real-life time tunnels 真实生活中的时间隧道(2) 把时间看成为第4维进一步理解了爱因斯坦狭义相对论的意义。德国数学家Theodor Kaluza甚至有着更加宏伟的计划。1919年，他在送给爱因斯坦的论文中，认为如果在4维时空的基础上加进了第5维，就有可能展示引力和电磁力是同一种力的两个方面。若干年以后，瑞典数学家，Oskar Klein采纳了Kaluza的思想，并付之于行动。他认为第5维可能是微小的，并蜷缩在4维时空的每一点上，并由此来反驳了那些认为第5维的不能立即清晰可见的反对意见。由此开始了在超空间隐藏的各个维中寻找把各种力统一起来的研究进程，一直延续到当今的弦理论。然而，第5维也许并不见得像Kaluza所想像的那么微小。哈佛大学的物理学家Lisa Randall和马里兰约翰霍普金斯大学的Raman Sundrum于1999年用弦理论说明了第5维可能可以用来解释一个伤脑筋的难理解事：那就是为什么引力比自然界里的其他基本力都要微弱。他们的模型是把我们熟悉的4维时空漂浮在一个无穷大的曲率为负的第5维空间上。尽管电磁力和核力依然粘附在4维时空所组成的膜片上，可是引力却泄漏进了第5维。2.(1) 发现一条捷径 find a shortcut自然法则 the laws of nature四维空间 the fourth dimension太阳系 the solar system拥有一个巨大的，高能耗的机器 feature a vast, energy-hungry machine.从一个不同的角度 from a different angle一个很难理解的概念 a tough concept；一个基本的物理原则 a basic physical principle存在于四维空间中. true of the fourth dimension最小的缝隙 the smallest of scales(2) With the passage of time(3) the increase in demand results in /causes the rise in prices(4) that education is not complete with graduation(5) make my head swim(6) what had happened by then(7) Science seeks the unity under the chaos of natural phenomena.(8) So what weve done is to dedicate ourselves to saving something of whats left. (9) Indeed a man, whose heart is pretty clean, can indulge in this pursuit with an enjoyment that never ceases.(10) But these tasks will ultimately be restructured to better match user goals in the final design. (11) Subsequently, the fine particles are widely dispersed in the atmosphere and descend to earth very slowly.(12) A Chinese astronaut has made the historic first step in outer space for his country. With the successful spacewalk, China has become the third country, after the United States and Russia, to do so. Cheering erupted in the control room when Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang opened the hatch of the Shenzhou 7 spacecraft and went outside.IV. Cloze1. called 2. spacecraft 3. revealed 4. feasible 5. unlikely 6. colonization 7. minerals 8. approach 9. establishing 10. added 11. available 12. as 13. solving 14. event 15. volunteerUnit 5The End of Email Age II. Vocabulary 1. takes hold 2. vying for 3. suit to 4. prosperity 5. a host of6. status 7. gripe about 8. crafted 9. show up 10. downside11. fired off 12. filtered 13. deluge 14. cue 15. subscribeIII. Translation1. (1) 1. a host of new ways to communicate 一系列新的通信方式2. a response to an email 电子邮件回复3. over instant messaging 通过及时消息4. currently in test phase 目前处于测试阶段 5. enter comments 输入评论6. little wonder that 难怪7. a half-hour delay in getting an email 电子邮件接收迟了半小时8. a text message to go through 一条文字信息的传送9. a blog comment 博客评论10. in real time online 实时地在网上(2) 互联网到底是什么？对有些人来说，互联网是他们跟朋友交流、读取新闻、购物、打游戏的地方。对另外一些人来说，互联网意味着他们当地的宽带供应商通过地下电缆和光纤提供跨越城市和海洋的数据传输服务。谁的意见更确切？ 互联网最先起始于1974年。那一年，智能化计算机研究人员发明了一种互联网协议组，简写就是TCP/IP，TCP/IP协议生成一套规则，充许不同的电脑之间进行“对话“，并来来回回传送信息。TCP/IP协议 与人际间交往相似：当我们互相说话的时候，语法规则生成语言结构，使人们能够相互理解并交换想法。同样地，TCP/IP协议约定信息交流的规则，确保相互联接的设备之间相互理解并不断传递信息。当这些互联的设备从一间屋子连向多间屋子然后连到许多建筑群，最后到将许多城市和国家联结到一起这样互联网就诞生了。2.(1) 1. 判断各种信息重要性 determine the importance of various messages2. 屈指可数的几个朋友 a handful of friends3. 创建链接 create links4. 收件箱 in-box5. 双刃剑 cut both ways6. 发送各种各样的信息 fire off all sorts of messages 7. 对全部信息都置之不理 tune out messages altogether8. 电子邮件的这些接班人 email successors 9. 有利也有弊 has its pluses and minuses 10. 甚至是面部表情 even facial cues(2) the reign of Gorge III.(3) take hold of my hand(4) Thanks to this contract(5) but got stuck in the last one(6) gripe about hospital services(7) All the good stuff in the house belonged to only me, and there were no brothers or sisters to vie with me for my parents love. (8) As they had been intimate from their earliest youth, the force of habit maintained peace between them.(9) Today let s start all over again and figure out just how we are going to market this product. (10) If, by chance, the recipient of the message happens to be online at the time that your message is received, a response may be back in just minutes. (11) Don t set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you. (12) Email can be a great tool in helping us multitask and set our own timetables for communicating with friends, family and co-workers. In related research, email may make users feel less responsible for telling the truth. people are more willing to lie when communicating via email than with pen and paper, and feel more justified doing so. This was true regardless of whether the writers were told their falsehood would be discovered by others.IV. Cloze1. Watched 2. via 3. which 4. across 5. list 6. position 7. engine 8. with 9. substantially 10.onUnit 6Are Cell Phones Safe?II. Vocabulary 1. pose to 2. parse 3. strip away 4. dissipate 5. susceptible to6. meager 7. contentious 8. bias 9. havoc we wreak 10. irrefutable11. enforce 12. modest 13. viable 14. confounded 15. incidenceIII. Translation1. (1) taking steps to reduce exposure减少使用手机cell phone safety standards手机安全标准pose any danger to损害健康consumer advocates消费者保护团体 regulatory agencies管理机构frequent cell phone users常用手机的人prenatal exposure to cell phone radiation胎儿受到手机辐射“non-ionizing” radiation“非电离”辐射cell tissue细胞组织the subject of Congressional hearings议会听证会的议题(2) 费雪，通过手机告诉Web MD，说他有很好的理由限制孩子使用手机，而不是出于对癌症的恐惧。他说：“我限制自己的孩子使用手机。我们不会在夜晚坐在床上用手机交谈，当我们还很小，我们不使用它们。比起那些科学的论断，我们应更多考虑的是给予孩子较好的养育和父母的选择。”他说：“常识为准”，并指出手机会使孩子分心。”我认为孩子不应该无限制访问手机24 - 7。其使用应该是有限制的。但该限制不应出于人们偏执的想法或对于那些不成立的感知风险的恐惧。”出于自身的哲学认识和生活选择来设定限制手机的使用与因思想偏执而为之截然不同。这就是我对来自匹兹堡民间的说法产生失望的原因那不是呼吁人们关注生活的健康和儿童的幸福成长，那是呼吁人们对现代生活的偏执理解。”2.(1) 高频热效应radiofrequency heating effects手机知情权Cell Phone Right-to-Know阻止这项新法律的实行block enforcement of the new law支持食品与药物管理局的结论stands by the FDA患脑癌的几率the odds of developing brain cancer世界各国的研究团队research teams from around the world长时间大量使用手机long-term heavy use of mobile phones选择误差selection biases原数据The raw data需要进一步研究worth further investigation(2) particularly