Unit 4 关系代名词.doc

Unit 4 关系代名词关系代名词=连接词+代名词I have a friend. The friend lives in Paris. 我有位朋友，这个朋友住在巴黎。I have a friend and he lives in Paris .用 and 连接 I have a friend who lives in Paris. Who 不是谁的意思，是关系代名词。住在巴黎的朋友 a friend who lives in Paris. who lives in Paris补充说明a friend. 这是形容词子句。*语顺为先行词关系代名词 但也提有下例句子例如：1. There was an old man in the apartment who was very rich. 也可以这样说 There was an old rich man in the apartment.2. I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin.One of them is my cousin,单独出现时对的。如果前面有 I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin. 用whom 是对的。这句话也可以是：I met two girls and one of them is my cousin.(介词后面用受格，who 是主格，whom 才是受格)关系代名词的种类 格先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介词)人whowhoseWhom / who事,物，动物whichwhosewhich人，事物，动物thatwhosethat*格的用法(1) 主格动词: the man who talked to me. 该男子和我说话 who 主词 talked 动词(2) 所有格名词: the man whose car was stolen. 该男子的车被偷了(3) 受格主词动词: the man who(m) I met. 我所会见的人主格的关系代名词(1). 主格who先行词为人主格关系代名词 Who动词 *先行词紧跟代名词*关系代名词引导的是形容词子句,就是把名词补充说明的更加清楚例如1. The man is my father. The man wears sunglasses. ( 合并一起 the man 重复要去掉用关系代名词来替换)The man who wears sunglasses is my father. （合并句）句中：who wears sunglasses 是形容词子句用来修饰名词man. *Who 这里是子句中的主词，也是关系代名词。不可以省略例如2. I dont like people. They get out of temper easily. I dont like people who get out of temper easily. (2).主格 Which先行词为事物；动物主格关代Which 动词例：1. I live in the house. The house stands on the hill. I live in the house which stands on the hill.2. English is a language. It is spoken all over the world. English is a language which is spoken all over the world. Japanese is a language which is spoken in Japan. (3).主格That先行词为（人.事物.动物）主格关代名词that动词例1.帮忙医生照顾病人的人称为护士。 Patient 名词是病人，动词是有耐心。 帮医生照顾病人的是形容词字句。 Be Patient. 要有耐心。 Be a good patient. 当个好病人。People (who / that) help doctors and look after patients are called nurses. 形容词子句修饰名词People例如2. 我喜欢这大楼幢被吴先生设计出来的大楼。(先行词为事物的时候主格关代用which和that 都对 )I like the building which / that was designed by Mr.Wu. *主格关代其后所接的动词须与先行词一致*例：Tom is one of the boys who are fond of sports. Who的先行词是boys, 所以是areI know a child who is good at surfing. Adults dont like children who tell lies. *children 是复数，所以tell 不加s*that 的不同用法*(1)指示代名词 (那个的意思)。The weather in Kaohsiung is hotter than that in Taipei. (2)指示形容词。Look at that dog. *that 不是代名词,而是指示形容词在名词的前面。(3)关系代名词。The boy that is playing the guitar is Jimmy. (that 又是主词又是连接词)(4)连接词。 I think that honesty is the best policy. (that没有课代替的名词，所以只是连接词)所有格的关系代名词所有格whose先行词为（人;事物;动物）所有格关代whose 名词例：1. I know a girl.Her father is journalist. (her是所有格)I know a girl whose father is a journalist.I know a boy whose mother is a English teacher.2. Look at the house. Its roof was damaged.Look at the house whose roof was damaged. (whose roof 是主词，这个主词里面还包含所有格)受格的关代名词 (1) 受格whom 先行词（人）受格关代whom 主词动词介词 *口语中：受格关代whom 也可以用who代替*1. The man is a teacher.She married him. (him是受词用受格whom来替换)The man whom/who she married is a teacher. 2. The woman has just left the office.You want to see her. The woman whom/who you want to see has just left the office. (2) 受格 which 先行词为(事物，动物)受格关代whichSV介词1. Here is a magazine. I borrowed it from Miss. Wang. Here is a magazine which I borrowed from Miss Wang.2. Remember the advice. I gave you the advice. Remember the advice which I gave you. l Advice 是不可数名词：A piece of advice 一个忠告; Two pieces of a advice 二个忠告(3 ) 受格that 先行词为（人;事物;动物）受格关代that SV 介词1. The little girl is very cute. My dad is talking to her. The little girl who/ whom / that my dad is talking to is very cute.2. 我们午餐吃的三明治不好吃。三明治 （主词） 我们午餐吃的 形容词The sandwiches that we ate for lunch were not delicious. *特别注意的关系代名词*(1) 受格的关系代名词可以省略例如: 足球是我最喜欢的运动。Which 【我最喜欢的】形容词Soccer is the sport which/that I like the best.受词关代which/that可省略 the best 是well副词的最高级，副词的最高级the可以省略。(3) 介词受格关系代名词 O+SV介词, 后面的介词可以拿到受格关代的前面1. The woman (whom/that) you are speaking of is our principal.The woman of whom you are speaking is our principal. (把介词of 拿到前面来)把介词of拿到前面来 of后面的代名词一定要用受格受格关代该用什么就用什么，并且of不可代替，不可省略、介词后面一定要有受格2. The train which/that I am waiting for is now half an hour late. which/that 可以省略受格关代所引导的形容词字句后面有介系词的时候，我们可以把介系词拿到受格关代的前面。把介词for 拿到前面来，1.该用什么就用什么，2.不可代替，3.不可省略,介系词拿到受格关代的前面，介词后面一定要有受格, 先行词为人的时候受格关代用whom, 先行词为物的时候先行词为which，绝不可用that 来代替。The train for which I am waiting now half an hour late. 不能用that 注意介词放在关系代名词前，关代不可用that ,也不可省略。关系代名词只用that 1.先行词前有最高级时只能用that 今天是我们经历过的最寒冷的一天。Today is the coldest day that we have ever experienced. (经历: 现在完成式)2.先行词前有序数时只能用that 肯尼是首位冲出教室的男孩。Kenny was the first boy that rushed out of the classroom. (rush out of冲出)He stands in front of me.他站在我的前面。*of 的后面如果没有对象，of 就要省略*He stands in front.他站在前面。3.先行词为人与事物或人与动物同时出现 *先行词为人的时候，主格关代用who,受格关代用whom但是也可以用that*先行词为人或事物，主格关代用which，受格关代还是用which但是还可以用that来通用*Take a look at the boy and his dog that are coming this way. 4.先行词前有疑问词 who, which用that. *这是为了避免重复 1. Who that has seen the photo of starving children does not want to help them? *Who是疑问词* *that has (aux) seen (p.p.) the photos of starving children does not want to help them? 情况不明状况不名要用单数。2. Which was the bag (that) you left in the train? 受词的关代还可以省略5. 先行词有 all ,no, every, any, thing, one. *中文可以这样记: 全部,没有,每一,任一,事物*例如:All that students have to do is to study hard. *to 也可以省略*= All that students have to do is study hard. *主词：Student；动词：Have* that 是受格关代，可以省略= All students have to do is study hard. *All that=what *what students have to do is study hard.*关系代名词what =先行词关代 *what 不需要先行词，因为what包括了先行词2. She has everything that a woman could wish for. 她有所有女人都渴望拥有的东西。6.先行词前有 the only; the same; the very(正是) 例如1. He was the only one that trusted me. 2. This is the very novel that Ive looked for. 这正是我一直要找的小说。 现在完成时 *只用that 的口诀*1. 最高级，序数，人 物，避免重复2. All, no, every, any, the (the only, the same. the very)不能用that 1 .有豆点，后不能用that 2. 介系词之后该用谁就用谁不能用that . (4) 限定用法及非限定用法(1) 限定用法: 对先行词的内容加以限定1. They had two daughters who become actresses. 他们有两个成为演员的女儿。句子中没有提到女儿的总数*Who/that become actresses.(形容词子句) 2.非限定用法=对先行词不加限定。*仅有使句子连贯的功能-补述用法They had two daughters, who became actresses. 他们有两位女儿，都当了演员。句子中明确地表明只有两位女儿。比较1. 限定：无逗号，可用that 代替，受格关代可省略The old man has a son (who/that) lives in Taipei. 2.非限定：有逗号，不可用that 代替，关代不可省略 The old man has a son, who lives in Taipei.那种情况下关系代名词不能用that ：1.介系词关代2.逗号后面的关代，不能用that 该用谁就用谁。例如1. I, who am your best friend, certainly will help you. *who am your best friend 是补述用法*例如2. My brother, who is a dentist, is studying in the USA. (5)关系代名词的同义表现1.名词(先行词)主格关代名词V=名词现在分词例如: There is a notice that says, “No parking”. *that says 写着什么.（都要用主动）*There is a notice saying, “No parking”. *改成名词现在分词（主动）*2.名词主格关代beV 过去分词=名词过去分词（=被动）例如:This is a cake which was made by Mrs. White. This is a cake made by Mrs. White. *该成名词过去分词（被动）*3.名词Whohave / has / had=名词with / having例如: She is a girl who has blond hair. She is a girl having blond hair. She is a girl with blond hair.修饰名词的字，片语，子句。 *修饰名词就是形容词*(1) 放在名词前的形容词，分词1.(一个字) 形容词名词 例如 a red flower 红