高中状语从句讲解 练习.doc

高中状语从句讲解+练习状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：1.Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after,since , till, until 特殊引导词：1、（一就）no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when。the minute, the moment, the second, the instant, immediately , directly, （The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.）2、the day，every time,（ Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.）（I called out her name the instant I saw her. 一看见她，我就喊出了她的名字。）1、when while as的区别一、根据从句动作的持续性来区分 1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作，而从句是一个持续性动作，此时三者都可用。如： Jim hurt his arm whilewhen， as he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 AsWhen， While she was waiting for the train， she became very impatient. 她在等火车时，变得很不耐烦。 注意：as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在期间”时，其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development)意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be，seem，love，want，agree，see，know，have等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as： A：Im going to the post office. 我要去邮局。 B：While you are there， can you get me some stamps？当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗？ 2、“主长从长”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间，此时通常要用while。I always listen to the radio while Im driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。He didnt ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去，他只顾看那张条子，让我站在门口等着。 但是，若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意时，则习惯上要用as。如：He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。I couldnt remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along. 我想不出有什么故事可给孩子讲了，只好现编现讲。3、“主长从短”型：即主句是一个持续性动作，而从句是一个短暂性动作，此时可以用as或when，但不能用while。如：It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。When As he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时，我在听收音机。二、“主短从短”时，根据主句与从句动作是否同时发生来区分1、若主句与从句表示的是两个同时发生的短暂性动作，含有类似汉语“一就”的意思，英语一般要用as (也可用when)。如：The ice cracked as when I stepped onto it. 我一踩冰就裂了。He jumped to his feet as the boss came in. 老板一进来他立刻站了起来。但是，在hardly scarcelywhen句式中，不能将when换成as。如：Scarcely had we arrived, when it began to rain. 我们刚一到就下起雨来了。2、若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的短暂性动作，含有类似汉语“刚要就”“正要却”的意思，英语一般要用as(也可用when)，且此时通常连用副词just。如：I caught him just when as he was leaving the building. 他正要离开大楼的时候，我把他截住了。Just as when the two men were leaving, a message arrived. 就在这两个人要离开的时候，突然有了消息。三、根据是否具有伴随变化来区分若要表示主句动作伴随从句动作同时发展变化，有类似汉语“随着”的意思，英语习惯上要用as，而不用when或while。如：The room grew colder as the fire burnt down. 随着炉火逐渐减弱，房间越来越冷。As time goes by my memory seems to get worse. 随着时间的流逝，我的记忆力似乎越来越差。注：若不是引导从句，而是引出一个短语，则用with，不用as。如：With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes. 随着冬天到来，该买暖和衣裳了。The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset. 随着太阳下落，影子也逐渐伸长。四、根据从句动作的规律性来区分若暗示一种规律性，表示“每当的时候”，英语一般要用when。如：Its cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。五、根据主从句动作的先后顺序来区分若主句与从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用when。如：When he arrives hell tell us all about the match. 等他到了，他会好好给我们讲讲那场比赛的情况。When she had finished she waited as though for a reply. 她讲完之后等了等，仿佛是在等候回答似的。六、根据是否具有“趁机”意味来区分1、若从句所表示的“当的时候”具有“趁机”的意味，则通常用while。如：Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。I tried to slip the note to him while the teacher wasnt looking. 我想趁老师不注意时把条子偷偷递给他。有时也用when。如：He stole the money when no one was by. 他趁旁边无人时把钱偷走了。The boy looks at her repeatedly when shes not looking. 那男孩趁她没看他的时候不断地盯着她看。七、根据是否用作并列连词来区分when可用作并列连词，表示“这时(突然)”；while也可以用作并列连词，表示“而”“却”(表示对比)；但as则没有类似用法。如：I was just about to go to bed when I heard a knock on the door. 我正要睡觉，听见有人敲门。One person may like to spend his vacation at the seashore, while another may prefer the mountains. 一个人会喜欢在海滨度假，而另一个人会喜欢在山里度假。八、根据所引出的省略句来区分1、 as和when之后均可直接跟一个名词，构成省略句；但是while一般不这样用。如：As When a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。As When still a student, he wrote a novel. 当他还是个学生的时候，他就写了一本小说。2、when和while之后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句，但as一般不这样用。如：When While reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。When While in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old. 你趁年轻时必须努力学习，不然到老了你会后悔的。as soon as, (adv.)一.就.，强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的,后接从句。 1.当主句是一般将来时时，as soon as引导的状语从句应用一般现在时； 2.当主句是过去将来时时，as soon as引导的状语从句应用一般过去时。 有时跟某些单词如与possible相连as soon as possible，其实是as soon as it is possible的省略形式，译为尽快。 since , 副词 ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)1. 此后;从那时到现在She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前介词 prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自.以来,从.至今I havent heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词 conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自.以来,从.至今Its been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2.既然;因为,由于He must have taken the book since it isnt here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, lets go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 till, untiltill/ until 意为“到时候为止”；“到时候才”；“在时候以前不”，可用作介词或连词。till 和 until 的意思基本相同，用法也基本一样，但 until 语气较重，多用于较正式的文体里。 till 多用于英式英语， until 多用于美式美语； till 不用于句首，而 until 可以用于句首。其用法的关键在于句子的谓语动词是终止性动词还是延续性动词。 1. 当主句谓语动词是终止性动词时，主句一般用“ .not.till/ until. ”句式，意为“到时候才”。例如： You mustnt eat anything until you see the doctor. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 2. 当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定式或否定式均可，但句子表达的意思有所不同。 1 ）如果主句用肯定式，主句的谓语动词所指的动作要延伸到 till/ until 所指的时间为止，译成汉语时，语序和英语语序一致，表示“到时候为止”的意思。例如： I watched TV till she came back. 2 ）如果主句用否定式，主句的谓语动词所表示的动作实际上要到 till/ until 所指的时间才开始。这时，要译作“到时候才”，即“在以前不”的意思。试将上面的句子改为否定句，并加以比较： I dont watch TV until she came back. （ I began to watch TV when/ after she came back. ） 3 ）在含有 till/ until 短语作时间状语的否定句中，根据一定的语言环境，这种否定意义也可以持续到 till/ until 所指的时间。例如： We didnt live there till 1980. We moved here in 1978. 3. 在含有 till/ until 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，有时可以与含有其它连词引导的时间状语的主从复合句表示同一含义。以下四个句子都表示“在你答应帮助我以前，我是不会走开的。”的意思。试比较： I wont go away till you promise to help me. I wont go away before you promise to help me. I will stay here till you promise to help me. I will go away when / after you promise to help me. 说明：在句和句中，主句谓语动词用的是终止性动词的否定式，但连词不同；在句中，主句谓语动词用的是延续性动词的肯定式；在句中，主句谓语动词用的是终止性动词的肯定式，但避开了 till / until 。学会这些用法，对 till/ until 所构成的句式的理解有很大的帮助。 4. till/ until 的强调句式。为了表示强调，通常把“ not till/ until. ”提前，常见的句式有下面两种： 1 ） it 引起的强调句式： It + is / was + not till/ until 短语 / 从句 than 从句。例如： 直到昨天我才注意到这件事。 强调句： It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. （强调 until 短语） 非强调句： I didnt notice it until yesterday. 培根先生是在来中国以后才开始学习汉语的。 强调句： It was not until he came to China that Mr Bacon began to study Chinese. （强调 until 引导的时间状语从句） 非强调句： Mr Bacon didnt begin to study Chinese until he came to China. 2 ）倒装句式： Not + until 短语 / 从句助动词 / 情态动词主语原形动词其余部分。例如： 直到老师来了，他们才做完家庭作业。 强调句： Not until the teacher came did they finish their homework. 非强调句： They didnt finish their homework until the teacher came. 5. 终止性动词作谓语时，除了和 not 构成否定结构外，还可以和 never, nobody, nothing, few, little, seldom, hardly 等含否定意义的词连用。例如： Until then I had not seen him. = I had never seen him until then. Dont put off till tomorrow what you can do today. = Never put off what you can do today till tomorrow. 6. 注意 till/ until 引导的从句的时态 1 ）主句的谓语动词用一般现在时或一般将来时， till/ until 引导的从句用现在完成时，强调从句谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。试比较： I wont go to bed until I have finished my homework. （强调从句的动作先于主句谓语动词表示的动作） 2 ）主句的谓语动词用一般过去时，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，强调从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句的谓语动词表示的动作之前。试比较： Li Lei didnt come until the film had begun. （强调从句的谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句的谓语动词表示的动作之前） 3 ）从句的谓语动词不用一般将来时或过去将来时。试比较： 误： You mustnt watch TV until you will finish your lessons. 正： You mustnt watch TV until you finish / have finished your lessons. 误： She said she wasnt going to write to us until she would get there. 正： She said she wasnt going to write to us until she got / had got there. no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenhardlyWhen(before)”和“Scarcelywhen(before)no Soonerthan”这三个结构在含义上与as soon as及相近,都作“一就”解。hardly(scarcely)引出主句,when(before)引出从句,主句的动作与从句的动作一前一后紧接着发生。引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时。（as soon as意思相当于“A事情发生以后，就做B这件事”。这个短语用的比较常用，口语和书面语都可以。它的特点是，在句子中的位置比较灵活，而且可以用于各种时态。例如：Ill write you as soon as I get there.我一到那儿就给你来信。（一般现在时）As soon as I went in, Katherine cried out with pleasure.我一进门，Katherine 就高兴的叫起来。（一般过去时）Ill return the book as soon as I have read it.我一读完就把书还回去。（现在完成时）Andrew left as soon as he had drunk his coffee.Andrew一喝完咖啡就走了。（过去完成时）用于句首，部分倒装No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, as, since（参见第五页）特殊引导词：（因为，鉴于）seeing that, （既然）now that,（因为） in that, （考虑到）considering that,（只要是，考虑到）given that, My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest（以免）, in case（万一）, for fear that（以免、唯恐），in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that（为了）The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.由lest（以免；免得），in case（以防）和 for fear that（生怕，唯恐）引导的目的状语从句中，用“should+动词原形 其谓语部分should可以省略。Keep quiet in case you（should）interrupt himwhen he is busy要保持安静， 以防打扰他。 She is now studying for fear that she（should）fail inEnglish她现在很勤 奋，生怕英语不及格。 You must wake him early lest he（should）be late forschool你务必早点叫 醒他，以免他上学迟到。5 结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, such that,特殊引导词： to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless=if not, 特殊引导词：as/so long as（只要）, only if（只要，假如）, providing/provided that（除非，只要，在的前提下）, suppose that（只要）, in case that（如果）, on condition that（只要，以为条件） Well start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)She is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.特殊引导词：the 比较级 the 比较级 （越越）；The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.just as （正如）， so; no more than（仅仅，只不过）; not A so much as B（与其说A不如说是B）A is to B what /as X is to Y as 和 what 用作连接词，引导从句，主句在前，意为 “A之于 B 犹如 X 之于Y”。这两个句型用法相似，可以换用。例句：1）Leaves is to the plant as lungs are to the animal.Leaves are to the plant what lungs are to the animal.叶之于植物犹如肺之于动物。2）The outline is to the writer as the blueprint is to builder.The outline is to the writer what the blueprint is to builder.提纲之于作家，犹如蓝图之于建筑师。Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9 方式状语从句常用引导词：as（像，跟一样）, as if（犹如，好像）, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.入乡随俗She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10. 状语从句的简化状语从句的省略状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ). The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 状语从句的简化现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:a.连词+形容词As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。b.连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。c.连词+现在分词As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。d.连词+过去分词He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。e.连词+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。f. 连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over, 状语从句练习题1.Ill let you know _ he comes back. A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although2. She will sing a song _ she is asked. A. if B. unless C. for D. since3. We will work _ we are needed. A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever4. Read it aloud _ the class can hear you. A. so that B. if C. when D. although5._ you go, dont forget your people. A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever6. It is about ten years _ I met you last. A. since B. for C. when D. as7. They will never succeed, _ hard they try. A. because B. however C. when D. since8. _ still half drunk, he made his way home. A. When B. Because C. Though D. As9. _ she was very tired, she went on working. A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of10. Busy _ he was, he tried his best to help you. A. as B. when C. since D. for11. I learned a little Russian _ I was at middle school. A. though B. although C. as if D. when12. _ we got to the station, the train had left already. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When13. _ the rain stops, we 11 set off for the station.A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though14. She was _ tired _ she could not move an inch. A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as15. We didnt go home _ we finished the work. A. since B. until C. because D. though16. Ill stay here _ everyone else comes back. A. even if B. as though C. because D. until17. Although its raining, _ are still working in the field. A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they18. Speak to him slowly _ he may understand you better. A. since B. so that C. for D. because19. Youll miss the train _ you hurry up. A. unless B. as C. if D. until20. When you read the book, you d better make a mark _ you have any questions.A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where21. Wed better hurry _ it is getting dark. A. and B. but C. as D. unless22. I didn t manage to do it _ you had explained how. A. until B. unless C. when D. before23._ he comes, we wont be able to go. A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even24. I hurried _ I wouldnt be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless25. _ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where26. Whats the matter _ they still havent answered the telegram? A. when B. that C. though D. however27. Bring it nearer _ I may see it better. A. although B. even though C. so that D. since28. You may arrive in Beijing early _ you mind taking the night train.A. that B. though C. unless D. if29. Helen listened carefully _ she might discover exactly what she needed.A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though30. More people will eat out in restaurants _ they do today. A. than B. when C. while D. as31._ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.A. Much B. However C. As D. Although32. Poor _ it may be, there is no place like home, _ you may go.A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever33. The child was _ immediately after supper.A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bedC. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed34. The history of nursing _ the history of man.A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as35. _ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stori