2015届高考 定语从句.doc

2015届一轮复习专题八 定语从句教师版 张锐 定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)；“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；as引导的非限制性定语从句。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1who, whom, whose引导的定语从句The person whom I can turn to for help when in trouble is Mr. Wang.我困难时可以求助的人是王先生。Id like a room whose window ( the window of which) looks out over the sea.我想要一间窗子朝海的房间。(1)who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。2that, which引导的定语从句He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。This is the best play that was written by Jack.这是杰克写得最好的一个剧本。(1)that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可省略。指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。(2)which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。(3)下列情况只用that不用which：先行词是all, something, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词；先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰；先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；先行词被the only, the very (正是，恰是)，the last修饰；先行词中既有人也有物；在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。二、关系副词引导的定语从句They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。I shall never forget the days when/in which we worked on the farm.我永远也不会忘记我们在农场工作的那些日子。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?这就是他在会议上解释他无礼的原因吗？1关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用“介词which”结构替换。2当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词表时间、地点和原因仍用which/that。3当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point, situation, case, stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。三、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the US.出席会议的几乎都是DNA方面的专家，其中大部分来自美国。Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which( whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。1若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。2该结构中介词的选用(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；句子的意思。(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。the比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。四、as, which引导的定语从句Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.(2013安徽高考)莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)上学期数学老师考试出题太难，以至于没有一个人能解出来。I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。1as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。2as常用在下列习惯用语中：as (it) often happens, as I remember, as is often the case, as is expected, as is known to us, as is shown等。3which引导的定语从句代指前面整句话的内容时，则只能位于句末。4“such/so . that .”意为“如此以致”时，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such/so . as .”意为“像这样”时，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。5“the same . that .”表同一人或物，而“the same . as .”表同种类的东西。五、way和time后接定语从句的情况What surprised me was not what he said but theway he said it.让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.这是一个没有收音机、没有电话，也没有电视的时期。1在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。2先行词是time，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。考点1、关系代词which引导的定语从句【例1】 That evening，_ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen【例2】 It is the third time that she has won the race，_ has surprised us all.Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhat【例3】 The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.Ain it Bin Cin that Din which【变式探究】1As a child，Jack studied in a village school，_ is named after his grandfather.Awhich Bwhere Cwhat Dthat2After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，_ turned out to be a wise decision.Athat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere3Theyve won their last three matches，_ I find a bit surprising actually.Athat Bwhen Cwhat Dwhich考点2、whose引导的定语从句【例4】 I wish to thank Professor Smith，without _ help I would never have got this far.Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich【例5】 The old temple _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.Awhere Bwhich Cits Dwhose【变式探究】4 The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination.Athat Bwhich Cwhose Dwhat5Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.Athat Bwhich Cwhose Dwhat【方法技巧】1whose引导的定语从句whose在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词)的”。whose既可以指人也可以指物。(1)表示物时相当于“the名词ofwhich”或“ofwhichthe名词”。(2)表示人时相当于“the名词ofwhom”或“ofwhomthe名词”。2whose引导的定语从句与并列句的区别whose引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词its，their的并列句混淆。如：China has the 3rd longest river in the world，whose name is the Yangze River.(定语从句)China has the 3rd longest river in the world，and its name is the Yangze River.(并列句)考点3、where引导的定语从句【例6】 Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere【例7】 Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator，_ it will keep for two or three weeks.Awhen Bwhich Cwhere Dwhile【变式探究】6(2013福建，24)Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.Athat Bwhen Cwhich Dwhere7(2013北京，26)What do you think of teaching，Bob?I find it fun and challenging.It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.Awhere Bwhich Cwhen Dthat【方法技巧】不是地点胜似“地点”“模糊化的地点”要用关系副词where高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“模糊化的地点”。事实上，对于where这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先行词是表示某物的situation/case，到了何种地步(point)，或某事物所发展的阶段stage，或表达某事的某个方面(scene)时，都可用where。考点4、as引导的定语从句【例8】 The air quality in the city，_ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.(2012福建，23)Athat Bit Cas Dwhat【例9】 A lot of language learning，_ has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.Aas Bit Cwhich Dthis#X#X#K【变式探究】8The number of the audience，_ we had expected，was well over one thousand.Awhom Bwho Cwhich Das9The man showed us such a heavy stone _ no one could lift it.Athat Bas Cwhich Dand考点5、介词+关系代词【例10】 Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.Awhat Bin what Cwhich Din which【例11】 Julie was good at German，French and Russian， all of _ she spoke fluently.Awho Bwhom Cwhich Dthat【例12】 She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction _ had taken more than three years.Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which答案C【变式探究】10 Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.Aon which Bby which Cto which Dfrom which11 Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time.Aof which Bwith whichCabout which Dinto which12Portia，for _ physics had once been very hard，turned out to be a physicist.Awhom Bwhose Cthat Dwhich【归纳总结】如何选择“介词关系代词”中的介词在“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择是关键，也是考生深感头痛之处。介词的选择可依据以下原则：(1)根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。I admire my English teacher very much from whom I learn a lot.(learn from sb为固定搭配)(2)根据定语从句中的动词习惯搭配来确定。There are some people to whom you can turn.(turn to sb为固定搭配)(3)根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。He introduced me some reference books with which I am not very familiar.(be familiar with为固定搭配)(4)表示“所属关系”或“整体中的部分”时用介词of。She has seen many films，of which Kung Fu Panda is her favorite.(5)有一些动词短语不能拆开，如pay attention to，look after，take care of等。难点1、分割定语从句【例1】 After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，_ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.Awhich Bwho Cwhere Dwhat【例2】 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，_，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society.Awhich Bwho Cwhere Dwhom【例3】 The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.Awhen Bthat Cwhere Dwhich【变式探究】1 Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.Awhat Bwhose Cwhich Dthat2 Because of the financial crisis，days are gone _ local 5star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.Aif Bwhen Cwhich Dsince3 Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.Awho Bwhich Cwhy Dwhen【拓展提高】有时命题者为了加大试题难度，往往把定语从句融入到其他结构中考查考生的语言综合运用能力，其常用的命题手段就是定语从句与先行词被某些句子成分分隔开，使考生分不清楚句子结构，从而误选选项。两种“分隔”现象(1)定语从句对主句结构的分隔The country life he was used to has changed greatly since 1992.(2)定语从句和先行词的分隔He was the only person in his office who was invited to the party. 第一组1. 2014安徽卷 The exact year_Anglela and her family spent together in China was 2008.Awhen BwhereCwhy Dwhich1.D本题先行词为year，在定语从句中作及物动词spent的宾语，因此选用关系代词which。2 2014北京卷 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，_my classmates recommended to me.Awho BwhichCwhen Dwhere2B根据题干信息，定语从句的先行词为book，定语从句中缺乏宾语，加之逗号后为非限制性定语从句，所以本题选B。3 2014福建卷 Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.Awho Bwhen Cwhich Dwhere3D句意：学生应该使他们自己参与到团体活动中来，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长经验。根据句意可知，所填词引导定语从句，先行词是activities，并且从句中的主谓宾成分是齐全的，且不需要表示时间，故选择D项。4. 2014湖南卷 I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.A. as B. whyC. when D. where4. C句意：我一直期待着我的女儿能读懂这本书，能明白我对她的感情的那一天。关系副词when引导定语从句，修饰先行词day，在从句中作时间状语。5 2014江苏卷 The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _ a good impression is a must.Awhich BwhenCas Dwhere5D。句意：这本书在我的日常交流方面给予了我很大帮助，尤其是在必须给别人留下一个好印象的工作中。分析句子结构可知，先行词为抽象名词work，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。6. 2014江西卷 Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when 6A句意：在水手们必须面对的许多危险中，也许最大的是雾。此题易误选C项，原因是没有分析清楚从句的句子成分。which在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词dangers，同时在从句中作face的宾语。7 2014山东卷 A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. Awhich Bwhose Cwho Dwhy 7B。句意：一个来自国内市场的利润在下降的公司可能会寻找国外机会。a company是先行词，其后是定语从句，定语从句的主语是profits，缺少定语，故选B。8. 2014陕西卷 Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position.A. that B. which C. as D. what8A。先行词是information，指物，关系词在从句中作及物动词have的宾语，且先行词用不定代词all修饰，关系词只能用that，故选A。9 2014四川卷 Until now, we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected.Athat BwhichCwho Dit9B此处which指代整个主句内容引导非限制性定语从句，which在定语从句中作主语。句意：到现在为止，我们已经为那些贫穷的孩子们筹集到了50 000英镑，这是完全没有预料到的。10. 2014天津卷 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently.A. all of which B. each of whichC. all of them D. each of them10. B考查定语从句和主谓一致。句意：英语是一种被好几种不同文化共同使用的语言，每一种文化使用它时都是不同的。首先A 项和C项中的all暗示空格后用use，故排除A、C；根据空格后的uses使用的是一般现在时，可知空格处需用单数名词或代词，可选B、D；再根据uses是谓语动词，可知空格处是主语，只有each of which能作主语，并构成了定语从句。11 2014浙江卷 I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade，_ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.Awhen Bwhere Cwhich Dwhy11A句意：我直到五年级才成为一个真正的攀登者，那一年我爬上了树枝去够一只被卡的风筝。该句中的先行词是the fifth grade，此处先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，应该用关系副词when。故选A 项。定语从句的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”。如果作主语和宾语，用关系代词who, whom, that和which；如果作状语，则用when, where, why等。12. 2014重庆卷 Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year.A. which B. whereC. when D. what12A考查定语从句的用法。此处先行词targets被in a month所扰，考生容易错把month当成先行词而误选C。targets在定语从句中作set的宾语，所以关系词应用which或that。故选A。第二组1(2013北京，27)Many countries are now setting up national parks_animals and plants can be protected.Awhen Bwhich Cwhose Dwhere2(2013福建，27)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected.Awhose Bthat Cwho Dwhich3(2013湖南，21)Happiness and success often come to those_are good at recognizing their own strengths.Awhom Bwho Cwhat Dwhich4(2013江苏，22)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，_he remembers starting as early as his childhood.Awhere Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen5(2013辽宁，34)He may win the competition，_he is likely to get into the national team.Ain which case Bin that caseCin what case Din whose case6(2013陕西，16)_ is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.AIt BThat CWhat DAs7(2013四川，9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment_they live.Awhat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere8(2013天津，6)We have launched another manmade satellite，_is announced in todays newspaper.Athat Bwhich Cwho Dwhat9(2013新课标，4)When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house_I would be staying.Awhat Bwhen Cwhere Dwhich10(2013重庆，24)John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of _ are family members.A them Bthat Cwhich Dwhom短文改错中的定语从句： 1. Her sister has become a lawyer, what she wanted to be.what-which解析先行词为前面主句的整个内容。what只能引导名词性从句。2.Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner,thatwhich might not be served until 8 oclock at night.3. The commanding officer,Wayne Tyler,who was/is directly responsible for the study of all such r