职业资格（完成）-en.doc

中国职业资格培训市场机会研究报告Research report on China Professional Qualification Training market1) Government policy to Professional Qualification Training当前，中国对职业资格培训进行规范和指导的主要法律法规包括1995年颁布实施的中华人民共和国劳动法以及1996年9月颁布的中华人民共和国职业教育法。劳动法在总则规定，国家采取各种措施，促进劳动就业，发展职业教育，劳动者应提高职业技能。在职业资格培训方面规定了国家、各级人民政府、用人单位和劳动者对发展职业培训的具体责任。职业教育法明确了各级各类职业学校教育和各种形式的职业培训并举的职业教育体系，确立了职业教育多元化办学发展方针，提供了发展职业教育的保障条件，是一部全面规范职业教育活动的法律。At present, the main laws and rules to regulate and guide the professional qualification training includesthe labors Law of the Peoples Republic of China which was promulgated the implemented in 1995 andthe Vocational Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China promulgate in September 1996 . General Principles ofthe Labors Law regulated that, the government adopts various measure to promote employment and develop the vocational education, as well as laborers should improve the professional techniques. In the respect of professional qualification training, it regulated the main responsibilities of country, all levels of government, labor unit and laborers in the developing vocational education. The vocational education Law explicates the combining education system of all levels and all kinds of vocational education as well as multiform professional training; Establishes the development guideline of diversification ion vocational education; provides to guarantee for the development of vocational education. It is a law that overall regulating the activities of vocational education. 在职业资格培训方面的主要政策包括职业资格证书制度、职业技能鉴定与劳动预备制度。其中，职业资格证书制度是劳动就业制度的一项重要内容，也是一种特殊形式的国家考试制度。它是指按照国家制定的职业技能标准或任职资格条件，通过政府认定的考核鉴定机构，对劳动者的技能水平或职业资格进行客观公正、科学规范的评价和鉴定，对合格者授予相应的国家职业资格证书。职业资格证书是表明劳动者具有从事某一职业所必备的学识和技能的证明。它是劳动者求职、任职、开业的资格凭证，是用人单位招聘、录用劳动者的主要依据，也是境外就业、对外劳务合作人员办理技能水平公证的有效证件。根据国家有关规定，办理职业资格证书的程序为：职业技能鉴定所（站）将考核合格人员名单报经当地职业技能鉴定指导中心审核，再报经同级劳动保障行政部门或行业部门劳动保障工作机构批准后，由职业技能鉴定指导中心按照国家规定的证书编码方案和填写格式要求统一办理证书，加盖职业技能鉴定机构专用印章，经同级劳动保障行政部门或行业部门劳动保障工作机构验印后，由职业技能鉴定所(站)送交本人。The main policies in professional qualification training include professional qualification certificate system, the appraisal of professional techniques as well as labor preparation system. Among which, the professional qualification certificate system is an important contents of the labor employment system; it is also a kind of national examination system with special form. The system indicates that awarding eligible national professional qualification certificate though objective and scientific evaluation and appraisal on laborers professional techniques or professional qualifications by government authorized appraisal organizations according to the professional technique standards and qualification conditions established by government. The professional qualification certificate is an official document which express that the laborer has to be engaged in some one occupation by command the essential scholarship and technical abilities. It is the qualification certificate that the laborers seeking jobs, working and starts practice. It is also the main basis for unit to deal; besides, it is a valid certificate when transacting notarized documents of technique levels for an offshore employment. According to the relevant national regulations, procedure that carries out the professional qualifications certificate is: The professional technique appraisal institution w investigate the name list of qualified labor and report local professional techniques appraisal instruction center to reexamine, then report labor guarantee administrative dept. or the industry section labor work guarantee organization to approve, followed by carrying out the certificate according to national coding system, and adding specialized official seal, after the checking by together the same grade class of labor guarantee administrative dept. or the industry section labor work guarantee organization, the certificate will deliver oneself by professional techniques appraisal institution.职业技能鉴定是一项基于职业技能水平的考核活动，属于标准参照型考试。它是由考试考核机构对劳动者从事某种职业所应掌握的技术理论知识和实际操作能力做出客观的测量和评价。职业技能鉴定是国家职业资格证书制度的重要组成部分。参加不同级别鉴定的人员，其申报条件不尽相同，考生要根据鉴定公告的要求，确定申报的级别。国家实施职业技能鉴定的主要内容包括：职业知识、操作技能和职业道德三个方面。这些内容是依据国家职业（技能）标准、职业技能鉴定规范（考试大纲）和相应教材来确定的，并通过编制试卷来进行鉴定考核。Professional technique Appraisal is an assessment activity base on professional technique levels; it belongs to the standard-reference examination. It is an objective examination and evaluation made by examination organizations on laborers commanding of technical theories and actual operating abilities when engaging in certain occupation. Professional technique Appraisal is the essential part of national professional qualification certificate system. The application requirements of people attending different lever of appraisals are various. The examinees have to base on declared appraisal request, ensure the application level. The main contents that implemented by government include: Occupation knowledge, the operation techniques and professional morality. These contents are determined in accordance with national professional (technical ability) standard, the norm of professional technique Appraisal (the examination outline) together with correspond teaching materials, combining make examination paper to carry on evaluation investigate.劳动预备制度是国家为提高青年劳动者素质，培养劳动后备军而建立和推行的一项新型培训制度。从1999年起，在全国城镇普遍推行劳动预备制度，这一制度的基本内容是组织新生劳动力和其他求职人员，在就业前接受1-3年的职业培训和职业教育，使其取得相应的职业资格或掌握一定的职业技能后，在国家政策的指导和帮助下，通过劳动力市场实现就业。实行劳动预备制度的主要对象是城镇未能继续升学并准备就业的初、高中毕业生，以及农村未能升学并 准备从事非农产业工作或进城务工的初、高中毕业生。对准备从事农业生产劳动的初、高中毕业生，各地可从本地实际出发，另行制定培训办法。各地还可根据实际情况引导城镇失业人员和国有企业下岗职工参加劳动预备制培训。The labor preparation system is a new type of training system that is implemented by government aiming to improve the diathesis of youth worker and cultivate labor reserves. Since 1999, it has promoted labor preparation system in widespread national towns. The basic contents of this system is to organize the new-born labor force and other personnel of seeking jobs to have 1-3 years training and vocational education before they take up employment occupations, and eventually, under the policy and the help of government, they realize employment and though labor force market after they obtain correspond professional qualifications or master the certain professional technical ability. Main target of that practice is the junior or senior high school graduates who can not continue to enter higher school but prepare to be engaged in the non-farm production industry in the city. If junior or senior high school graduates preparing to be engaging in farm production, local areas can establish training method according to practicality. Also, local government can also guide the unemployed personnel of town and state-owned enterprise to attend the labor preparation training according to the actual circumstance.2) Development status of Professional Qualification Training中国当前的职业培训体系包括：职业分类与职业（技能）标准、职业培训、职业技能鉴定和职业资格证书、技能竞赛和技能人才表彰。（1）在职业分类与职业（技能）标准方面，1992年中国完成了第一部中华人民共和国工种分类目录，目前，已正式颁布3200多个工人技术等级标准（职业技能标准），1999年，颁布中华人民共和国职业分类大典，相应的职业标准正在制定之中。Current Vocational Training System in China includes: The occupation categorization and profession (technique) standard, vocational training, the professional technique appraisal and professional qualifications certificate, the technique contest and talents commend(1)in the aspect of occupation categorization and profession(technique)standard, the first section of was completed in 1992. Presently, already formally promulgate more than 3200 technique grade standards of laborer (the professional technique standard). the dictionary of occupation categorization of the Peoples Republic of Chinawas promulgated in 1999 , the corresponding occupation standard is during the course of enacting. （2）在职业培训方面，它包括就业前培训、转业培训、学徒培训和在职培训，依据职业技能标准，培训的层次又分为初级、中级、高级职业培训和其它适应性培训。培训工作主要由技工学校和各类职业培训机构承担。技工学校是培养技术工人的基地，就业训练中心是培训失业人员的基地，以实用技术和适应性培训为主。此外，还有企业培训中心、社会和各方面(包括个人)举办的培训机构，承担在职培训和其他培训。综合性培训基地是在改革现有的技工学校、就业训练中心以及企业的培训实体基础上，建立起的一种兼有职业需求预测、职业培训、技能鉴定和职业指导等多种功能并与职业介绍紧密结合的综合性职业培训基地，为学员提供培训、鉴定、就业一体化服务。职业技能开发集团是在城市，依托社区，联合各类培训机构，并实行劳动部门内部培训、鉴定与就业机构的联合运作，扩大培训规模效益，为促进就业服务的一种新型培训联合体。(2) On the subject of professional training, it includes the pre-employment training, industry shift training, apprentice training and incumbencies training. According to professional technique standard, trainings were divided into the entry-level, intermediate-level, and advanced-level training as well as other adaptabilities trainings. The training work is mainly undertaking by the vestibule school and all kinds of vocational training organizations. Vestibule school is the base of developing the technique workers, and the employment training center is the base of training unemployed personnel, thereinto, practical technique and the adaptability trainings are as principle. In addition, there are some training organizations held by enterprise training center, society and all other organizations (including private funds), they undertake incumbency training and other trainings. Integrative training organizations is to on the bas of reforming existing vestibule school, pre-employment training center and the enterprises training entity, to build up a integrative professional training base combining occupation requirement forecasting, professional training, technique appraisal and career instruction, also compactly associating with occupation recommendation, which aims to provide trainees a integration service on training, appraisal and employment. The professional technique development group is a new-type training combo in urban area relying on the communities which aims to promote employment; it practices Labor Department inner training and appraisal, and it operates allying with other employment organizations and various training organizations. （3）在职业技能鉴定和职业资格证书方面。目前中国已初步建立起初、中、高级技术等级考核和技师、高级技师考评制度，对劳动者实行职业技能鉴定，推行职业资格证书。在职业学校和职业培训机构毕（结）业生中实行职业技能鉴定，在各类企业的技术工种实行必须经培训考核合格后，凭 证上岗的制度，在个体工商户、私营企业从业人员中推行持证上岗制度。（4）在技能竞赛和技能人才表彰方面。从1995年开始评选表彰中华技能大奖获得者和全国技术能手，目前已评选了3届。组织全国各行业职业技能竞赛，数百万工人参加了岗位练兵活动，提高了职业技能水平。 (3)Regarding aspects of professional technique appraisal and professional qualification certificate, currently China has already initially established primary, intermediate and advanced technique grade evaluation and senior technician examination system, and implements the professional technique appraisal as well as recommends the professional qualification certificate to laborers. Carrying out professional technique appraisal among graduates of vocational school and vocational training organizations, promoting take occupations on technical work must rely on certificates in various kinds of enterprises and also encouraging holding certificates when working in individual private enterprises (4) concerning the technique contest and talents commend. It has evaluated and awarded the gainer of the China technique awards” and “national technique experts” since 1995, it already held 3 times until current. With regard to national and profession technique contest, about millions of workers attend the position practice activities to improve their professional technical ability levels.下面是对我国职业资格认证培训市场发展的一些基本概况。The following is some general situations on the development of professional qualification training market.1998年实施职业资格认证培训制度以来，劳动和社会保障部先后组织了秘书、推销员、公关员、物业管理员、电子商务师、心理咨询师、营销师、企业人力资源管理人员、企业信息管理师、项目管理师、职业指导人员等多个职业的全国职业资格统一考试，截至 2002 年上半年累计统计，报考职业资格的人数达 48.7 万人， 35 万余人获得了资格证书。随着市场化用人机制的推进，以职业能力为导向的职业资格证书制度更加深入人心，2003年参考人数就有较大幅度的增长，全年共有近 20 万人参加认证考试。同时，2003年参加计算机高新技术考试人员达到 24 万人，比去年增加 5 万人。since the implementation of professional qualification certificate training system in 1998, the labor and societies guarantee department successively organized several national unification examinations of professional qualification for a number of occupations, such as secretary, salesman, public relationship developer, property administrator, E-commerce executives, psychology consultant, marketing executives, human resource manager, information management executives, project manager, career consultant and etc. According to statistics up to the first half of 2002, the total amount of the number that registered for profession qualification examination reached 487,000; and more than 350,000 people acquired the qualification certificates. With the promotion of market-based employing mechanism, professional qualification certificate system with the direction of profession ability goes deep into the publics. The reference number in 2003 had a significant growth, there is about 200,000 people attending the attestation examinations over the whole year. At the same time, the number of attending computer examinations of high and new technology is about 240,000people in 2003, comparing to the last year, it increases 50,000 people.为提高职业资格证书的含金量，劳动和社会保障部进一步强化了质量管理，一是对美容、美发、汽车维修、秘书资格鉴定实行专项治理，严格考场管理；二是考试方式多元化，如物业管理人员的考试鉴定中尝试采用考生看录像答题的方式，电子商务师考试采取标准化培训技术资源和全程测量与信息化管理的方式，从过去的完全人工阅卷到目前推广的智能化考试技术；三是全国统考命题开始采用严格的技术规程，保证了鉴定内容质量。同时，全国绝大多数地区在考生报名、考场安排、试卷传送、考场管理和评分阅卷等方面都能够严格管理，进一步提高了全国统一鉴定的权威性。与此同时，劳动和社会保障部还颁布了第四批国家职业标准，包括计算机网络管理员、计算机程序设计员、多媒体作品制作员、企业培训师、项目管理师、企业信息管理师、室内装饰设计员、服装模特、茶艺师、插花员、洗衣师等共计 11 个职业。In order to improve the value of professional qualification certificates, the labor and social guarantee departments further enhanced the quantity management. Firstly, carrying on special administration on the qualification authentication of hairdressing, cosmetology, automobile maintenance, secretary, strict examination rooms management; second is to examine the diversification of examination methods. For example, it adopts the way that the examinee watches video and answers questions in the appraisal examination of property administrator, while examinations to e-commerce executives adopt standardized training technique resources and the means of completed distances measuring along with information-based management. The method changes from completed checking examination papers by person to intelligence examine technique. Third, the questions setting in unified national examinations start adopt the strict technique regulations which guarantee the contents quality of appraisal. At the same time, national majority region strictly manager the examinee register, arrangement of examination rooms, examination papers distribution as well as management of examination rooms, which further to improve the authority of unified national appraisal. Besides, the labor and social security department also promulgate the fourth national professional standard, including 11 occupations, such as the system administrator, computer program designer, multi-media architect, enterprise trainer, project manager, enterprise information administrator, indoor decoration designer, garments model, tea art master, ikebana master and laundry experts etc. 随着我国开放程度的进一步提高，国外职业资格认证纷至沓来，“洋考试”异军突起。目前已通过审查的认证有以下几项：一是劳动和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心（OSTA）和英国伦敦城市行业协会（C&G）联合推出的商贸零售管理服务人员、机动车工程、国际旅游、通信技术资格等级证书；二是（OSTA）与英国伦敦工商会考试局（LCCIEB）联合推出的中英职业资格证书合作项目 NVQ （）， NVQ 几乎涵盖了所有职业，从刚工作的新手到高级管理人员的所有技能和知识层次。作为本证书体系先导的企业行政管理 2 、3级课程，就以有效的行政管理组织、工作实践及商务交流和办公设备操作知识为考评和培养培训内容。Along with the further opening of our country, the foreign professional qualifications certificate flock in our country, “overseas examinations” become a new force suddenly rising in China. There has been following several certificate approved currently: first is the qualification grade certificates of business retailing managing and service person, automobile engineering, international tourism, communication technology was released by OSTA and London C$G; Second is cooperate programme of National Vocational Qualification System (NVQ) which was launched by OSTA and LCCIEB. The NVQ covered almost all occupations, and from the range of all technical abilities and knowledge of fresher to senior management level. With regard to the second and third grade of Enterprise business administration program of this certificate system, the effective administration management, the occupation practice, business communicate and operation knowledge of office equipments are used as the contents of examination and training.为满足社会对信息技术人才的大量需要，自 2002 年 1 月起，劳动和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心与微软（中国）有限公司联合推出了国家职业资格信息技术双认证考试微软项目。目前，双认证考试微软项目已完成第一期试点工作，已在全国 12 个重点省市开展全面的推广。同时，还与致力于国际化 IT 专业人才培养的北大青鸟 APTECH 建立合作关系，启动了“软件工程师（ACCP）职业资格联合认证”。这是我国首次在专业化高端领域推出的高标准高质量职业资格认证，开创了政府与 IT 教育企业共同对软件人才进行职业培训与认证的新形式。该认证于2002年 6 月开始试点，目前已在全国多个省市进行了资格认证。另外，劳动和社会保障部已与英国（TSL）教育有限公司合作，引进国外先进的通用管理能力培训课程，并结合中国的国情和实际需要进行改造，构建我国的通用管理能力培训和考核认证体系。目前，通用管理能力项目已经完成标准制定和教材编撰工作，已经完成课件的制作和题库开发工作。统一培训鉴定工作也于2002年 10 月开始试点，2003年已经全面推开，2004年政府进一步对进入中国市场的国际资格证书加强监管，以此提高“洋证书”的质量。In order to satisfy the a great deal of society demand for information technology talents, since January of 2002, the labor and society security department and Microsoft (China) cooperatively launched a dual attestation of the national professional qualification information technology. Currently, the Microsoft project of dual attestation examination has already been completed the first section of experimental work; it has already been comprehensively popularized to the 12 major cities of all over the country.At the same time, cooperating with APTECH which is engaging in fostering internationalize IT talents, startup ACCP. This is the first time of our country to release such high standard and high quantity professional qualification certificate in the specialization top-end fields, which initiates the new form that government and IT education organizations collaboratively carry on vocational training and authentication on software talents. This attestation commenced in June of 2002, it has already been carried on several national cities currently. Moreover, the labor and society security department have already cooperated with TSL, introduced foreign advanced training course of general management ability, and combined situation of China and actual dem