时态、语态解题技巧.doc

时态语态的考查是高考语法考查中的一大重点和难点，学生在解题时极容易产生混淆，出现错误，因此，掌握一定的解题技巧是非常必要的，它可以帮助学生根据题目提供的语言环境，灵活地提取、运用基本的语言知识，有效避免错误的出现。这类题的解题技巧主要包括以下五个方面，本文将用近年来的高考试题作为例证加以详细的说明：一语态优与时态的原则：这一原则是非常重要的，在解决这类问题时我们应首先考虑语态问题，即谓语与主语之间是主动还是被动关系，这一原则对于某些题目可以直接得出问题的答案，另一些题目虽然不能直接解题，但可以有效的缩小选择范围，增加解题的准确度。例如：1I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.NMET1989A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given2In some parts of the word, tea_ with milk and sugar.NMET1993A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served3Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits.NMET2001A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested.4The heros story _ differently in the newspapers. 2005,全国A. was reported B. was reporting C. reports D. reported5According to the art dealer, the painting_ to go for at least a million dollars.2004,全国A. is expected B. expects C. expected D. is expecting上述题目都是有关谓语动词的形式的，每个题目的四个选项中都只有一个能表达被动关系，该选项就是该题的正确答案。1.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A二关注时态标示语：所谓时态标示语就是指某些词（often, already, yet, today, yesterday, tomorrow等）、某些词组（at this moment, so far, ever since, up till now, by,等）、某些搭配（hardlywhen , no sooner than,等）和某些句型（It is the first time that, It is since, it was will be before, 时间、条件、让步状语从句等）都与某一种较为固定的时态的连用，有效关注题干中的这些表达形式可以更加准确的解决这类题目。例如：1-Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here. NMET1992A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming在ItThis is the firstsecond time that 句型中应用现在完成时，所以答案是B。2At this time tomorrow, _ over the Atlantic.2003, 北京A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were fly与at this time 连用的应是某种进行时态，与tomorrow连用的应是将来时，所以综合考虑该题的答案是B。3He_ to the lab than she set out to do the experiment. 1999, 上海A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got与no soonerthan 和hardly when在这种句型中，主句应使用过去完成时，而从句中为一般过去时，所以答案是D。4- The window is dirty.- I know. It _ for weeks.2004, 全国A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned与for连用的通常是现在完成时，同时表达被动关系，所以答案是D。5I wonder why Jenny_ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.2002, 全国A. hasnt written B. doesnt write C. wont write D. hadnt written与recently 连用的通常是现在完成时，所以答案是A。6. - What would you do if it _ tomorrow?- We have to carry it on, since weve got everything ready.A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining与tomorrow 连用的应是一般将来时, 但在时间，条件，和让步状语从句中要用一般时态代替将来时态，所以答案是三关注时态的对比运用：如果题干中没有时态标示语，而有两个或两个以上谓语动词，这时我们应该将两个动词的时态加以比较，依据其中的关系确定正确的时态。例如：1. Lets keep to the point or we_ any decisions. 2004, 全国A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached该题中连词or前后的两个句子之间的关系是非常清楚的，前一句提出一种建议或要求， 是一般现在时，后一句说明原因，即如果不这样做将会产生什么样的结果，所以应是一般将来时，答案是A。2. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_. 2003, 全国A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown 该题中两个动作是同时发生的或第二个动作是在第一个动作持续的过程中发生并延续下去的，第一个动作用了一般过去时，那么第二个动作也应该是一般过去时，所以答案是C。3. He _ more than 5000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. 2005,北京A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned 该题中动作learn是在动作entered之前就已经发生并完成的，所以应该使用过去完成时，因此答案是D。4. -Whats that terrible noise?-The neighbors _ for a party. 2004, 北京A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepares D. will prepare根据该题的语境，该空要填的应是一个能够表达正在发出噪音的动作时态，所以应该使用现在进行时，因此答案是B。5-You were out when I dropped in at your house.- Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport. 2004,福建A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited该题可以通过两个动作（drop, wait）的比较来解题，drop是一个终止性动词，而wait是一个延续性动词，通常说来，延续性动词往往用过去进行时来提供一个背景，即表明在某一个过程中，而终止性动词往往用动词的一般过去时表示发生在上述过程中某种动作，所以答案是A。这类题目的考查在高考中是十分常见的。四上述技巧的综合运用：有时单靠某一种技巧是不能得出正确答案的，这就要求各种技巧的综合的运用。对题干和选项的全面、细致的分析是解决这类题目的关键。1I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. 2006重庆A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived题干中for many years很容易使人想到现在完成时，但but之后的内容告诉我们live这一状态并没有延续到现在，所以不能使用现在完成时，同时我们并不知道他是什么时候回到中国的，即没有明确表示过去某一点时间的状语，不能表达过去的过去，所以不能用过去完成时，因此该题只是表达过去曾经存在过的一种状态，应用一般过去时，所以答案是该考点我们可以通过以下一些例句做一些更细致的分析：I lived in a small town for 10 years. 我曾经在一个小镇上住了年I have lived in a small town for 10 years. 我已经在一个小镇上住了年通过上面两个例句及其译文我们不能看出与表示一段时间的时间状语连用的可以是一般过去时，也可以是现在完成时，只是意义不同罢了，但在考试中应该怎样处理呢？通常说来，该类语法有三种考查方式：）I _(live) in a small town for 10 years.该句没有任何其它细节说明，只是考查时态标示语的用法，所以只能用have lived或have been living. 从某种意义上讲这是一种纯语法测试的题目。2）I _(live) in a small town for 10 years, but now I live in a big city.该句与上述高考题是一样的，所以答案是lived.）I _(live) in a small town for 10 years before I moved here.该句需要通过两个动作的比较才能得出正确的选择，它表达的是一个动作（live）在另一个动作（move）发生之前就已经持续了多长时间，所以应是过去完成时，had lived.2. The news came as no surprise to me. I _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 2003, 北京A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know从动词came可以看出要填的动词的时态是发生在过去的，应该是某种过去时态，而这一动作又发生在came之前并持续了一段时间（for some time），所以应该是过去完成时态，综合分析答案是A。五语境特征、动词特性和相关时态的对比分析：一）语境特征是指根据题目所设置的语境，结合自己的生活体验对题目加以分析，最后得出正确答案1- Sorry, Joe. I didnt mean to- Dont call me “Joe”. Im Mr. Parker to you, and _ you forget it! 2003,全国A. do B. didnt C. did D. dont该题解题的一个关键因素是最后一个标点符号-感叹号，通过对整个语言环境的分析可以看出最后一句表达的是一种要求或命令，所以应该使用祈使句的否定形式，答案为D。2-Alice, you feed the bird today, _?-But I fed it yesterday. NMET1999A. do you B. will you C. didnt you D. dont you该题与上题的考查方式十分相似，都是用带有呼语（you）的祈使句表达一种要求或命令，根据祈使句的反意疑问句的规则，答案应是B。3-You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it? 2003 全国-Im sorry I _anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say通过对该语言环境的分析我们可以看出说话者显然在对自己过去没有做的事情而表示歉意，所以应该用一般过去时，因此答案是The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose.NMET1993A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost该语境告诉我们钢笔并没有丢，所以我认为只能是过去的看法，因此第一个空应是thought，第二个空则表示过去认为已经发生的事情，所以应该用过去完成时，答案为-Nancy is not coming tonight.NMET1997-But she_.A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised该题与上一题基本上是一样的，都表示过去曾经发生的事情，所以答案是二）动词特性这里主要是指动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，是终止性动词还是延续性动词，以及某些动词的特殊用法，这直接关系到问题的答案-Do you like the material? NMET1994-Yes. It _ very soft.A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt该题从表面上分析，it与feel 之间是被动关系，但该处feel不再表达具体的“摸”这个动作，而是用作系动词表示事物的性质、特征与属性，它既没有被动语态也没有进行时态，综合分析答案是这类题目牵扯到英语中很多系动词的用法，尤其是五个实感系动词look, sound, taste, smell, feel。因为它们都是既能用作实义动词又能用作系动词的多功能词，因此依据具体的语境对其性质加以判断是解决这类题目的关键所在。另外，这类考查还牵扯到一些及物动词如sell, wash, write, read, shut等被用做不及物动词来表达事物的某种特征与性质的相关用法。2-What do you think of my composition?-It _ well except for some spelling mistakes.A. read B. is reading C. reads D. is read3. The door _. Better have it repaired.A. isnt shut B. hasnt been shut C. wont be shut D. wont shut4. -The cloth is of good quality, and it _ well.- But the washing machine_ this morning.A. washes; wouldnt start B. washes; wouldnt be startedC. is washed; wont start D. is washed; wouldnt be started上述三题中的四个动词（read, shut, wash, start）都是用来表示事物的某种属性或事物所属的某种状态，所以都被用作不及物动词，没有被动语态。同时后两题还牵扯到will用作情态动词表达“意愿”的用法，属于拟人的修辞手法。答案依次为C，D，A。5. -_David and Vicky_ married?- For about three years.2003,北京A. How long were; being B. How long have; gotC. How long have; been D. How long did; get根据该对话中的时间状语for about three years可以断定该题应用现在完成时态，可选项中B和C都是完成时态，这就牵扯到终止性动词和延续性动词用法上的区别，我们知道终止性动词在肯定句中是不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用的，所以该题的答案是C。6I feel it is you husband who_ for the spoiled child.2004，上海A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame该句考查的是关于动词blame 和punish的特殊用法，当表示“应该受到责备或惩罚”时，在be to do句型中或作定语时通常用主动形式表达被动含义，该题的答案是A。再例如：7Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one_.2006, 安徽A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed 该题考查的虽然是非谓语动词的用法，但同样涉及到blame的特殊用法，所以答案是C。这恰恰说明了英语中的特殊用法是我们必须关注的重点。三）相关时态的对比分析是指在特定语境中的相似时态的辨析和运用，或某些时态的特定含义。1- Did you tell Julia about the result?- Oh, no. I forgot. I _her now. 2005, 全国A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call2. - You have left the light on. 2000, 全国- Oh, so I have. _ and turn it off.A. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going仔细研读这两道高考题，我们可以看出其考查内容都与将来时态有关，be to do; be going to等都与“计划，安排”有关，而will 在表达将来时，侧重强调“意愿”，即主语愿意去做某事。上述对话中都是对某种状况的现时反应，不可能做什么准备或安排，而只能是表示“意愿”，所以答案依次为B，A。3- Has Sam finished his homework today?2004,全国- I have no idea. He _ it this morning.A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done4. Shirley _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. NMET1998A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing上述两题考查的都是一般过去时和过去进行时的区别，前者表达了动作的完成，即做过了某事，而后者则没有这层含义，它只表示过去某个时候正在做某事，所以答案是：C，D。5-Hi, Tracy, you look tired.-I am tired. I _ the living room all day.NMET1998A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted6. The crazy fans _ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. 2004, 重庆A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait从两句中的时态标示语和具体的语境可以看出，题目考查是完成时和完成进行时的区别。现在完成进行时通常表