英文合同中常用词语解释.docx

合同中常用词语解释1(Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts)11.“here+介词”12.“there+介词”23.“where+介词”24.Shall35.should36.notwithstanding37.subject to48.without prejudice to49.unless otherwise410.except otherwise511.in witness whereof512.Know all men by these presents that513.including but not limited vide that515.undersigned616.at ones sole discretion617.accordingly618.as the case may be619.to the extent that720.save721.less722.for the purpose of723.the same7合同中常用词语解释(Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts)不少人在阅读FIDIC合同条款时感到很吃力，其中一个重要原因是词语障碍。为了帮助读者解决这一困难，我们特意从红皮书中选择了一些这类的词汇和短语，对他们进行较为详细的讲解，以供参考。1. “here+介词”所构成的合成词，如：hereafter（此后），hereby（特此，兹），herein（此中，于此），hereinafter（在下文中），hereof（关于这一点，在本文中），hereto（于此，至此），heretofore（在此之前，前此），hereupon（就在此刻），herewith（于此一道，随函附上）等。在这类合成词中，here相当于this，因此，hereafter = after this，hereto = to this，herewith = with this，余类推。请看下面例句：a) Example forms for the letter of Invitation and Instructions to Tenderers are reproduced hereafter, for use with any of the three Books.下文复制了邀请函和投标人须知范例格式，供三本合同条件中的任何一本使用。b) Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract for the installation of Party As air-conditioning equipment, the Parties here to do hereby agree as follows. 鉴于乙方与甲方订立合同，为甲方安装空调设备，双方达成如下协议。the Parties here to = the Parties to this contract:合同双方。c) We enclose herewith a soft copy of this document.随信附上本文件的软拷贝。Herewith = with this letter:随本信2. “there+介词”所构成的合成词，如：thereafter（此后，其后，据此），thereby（因此，从而，由此；借此；在那附近），therefor（为此，因此，因之），therefrom（从哪里，从哪一点，从其中，从此），therein（在其中；在那件事情上，在哪一点上），thereinafter（在下文中，一下），thereof（其，其中；它的），thereon（在其上，就此），thereto（加于协议等之上，随附），thereunder（在其下；依照），thereupon（因此，关于此事；随即，随后），therewith（以此，与此；立刻，随即；同时，又）等。在这类合成词中，there相当于that，因此，thereafter = after that，thereto = to that，therewith = with that，余类推。请看下面例句：a) The Drawings shall remain in the sole custody of Engineer, but two copies there of shall be provided to the Contractor free of charge.图纸应由工程师单独保管，但应免费为承包商提供两套图纸的复印件。 Two copies thereof = two copies of the Drawings.b) The several documents forming the Contractor are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another, but in case of ambiguities or discrepancies the same shall be explained and adjusted by the Engineer who shall thereupon issue to the Contractor instructions thereon and in such event, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, the priority of the documents forming the Contract shall be as follows.构成合同的几个文件应被认为是相互说明的，但在出现含混或歧义时，则工程师应对此作出解释或校正，并应随时就此向承包商发布指令，在此情况下，除合同另有规定外，构成合同文件的优先次序应如下。thereupon=after that:随即，随后；thereon=on that matter:就此（事）；priority: 优先顺序；优先（权）3. “where+介词”所构成的合成词，如：whereas（而，却；鉴于），whereat（在那儿），whereby（以的方式；凭借；根据那个），wherefore（为什么；因此，为此），wherein（在那方面；在那儿），whereof（关于那事；关于那物），whereon（在什么上面；在那上面；因此，于是），whereto（到什么地方，向那里），whereupon（马上，不久以后；因此，于是）等。在这类合成词中，where往往相当于关系代词which，与介词一起形成“介词+关系代词”引出定语从句。因此，whereas=as which，whereat=at which，whereby=by which，余类推。请看下面例句：a) Whereas the first Party is willing to employ the second Party and the second Party agrees to do as the first Partys Engineer in Najmat, it is hereby mutually agreed as follows.鉴于甲方同意聘请乙方，乙方愿意应聘为甲方在纳吉马特（工程）的工程师。双方为此特达成如下协议：whereas：鉴于；hereby：由此，特此b) A construction project contract refers to a contract whereby the contractor undertakes the construction of the project and the contract letting party pays the cost and remuneration.建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合同。c) She knew whereof he spoke.她知道他在说什么。Whereof=of what4. Shall：用于合同语中，表示“责任”或“义务”，相当于汉语的“须”或“应，应该”等。如：a) The Employer shall give the Contractor right of access to, and possession of, all parts of the Site within the time (or times) stated in the Particular Conditions.雇主应在专用条件中规定的时间（或几个时间）内，给承包商进入和占用场地各部分的权利。b) The Engineer shall carry out the duties specified in the Contract.工程师须履行合同规定的职责。5. should: should在合类文件中常用以引出省略了if的非真实条件句，但后面主句的谓语动词却不用虚拟语气的would do形式，而是用shall do等陈述形式，表示假设的条件虽然发生的可能性不大，但已经发生则必须承担主句所表达的后果。如：a) Should the Letter of Credit fail to reach the Seller before the stipulated date, the Contract shall be considered as null and void unless extension is approved by the Seller. (= If the Letter of Credit should fail to reach the Seller before the stipulated date, )如果买方未能再规定日期内将信用证开具给卖方，则本合同无效，但经卖方同意延期者除外。b) Should the Contractor not attend, or neglect or omit to send such representative, then the measurement made by the Engineer or approved by him shall be taken to be the correct measurement of such part of the Works.如果承包商不参加，或疏忽或遗忘而未派这样的代表参加，则由工程师进行的或由他批准的测量应被视为对工程该部分的正确测量。6. notwithstanding: prep. 尽管，虽然a) Notwithstanding the terms of this Clause or any other Clause of the Contract no amount will be certified by the Engineer for payment until the performance security, if required under the Contract, has been provided by the contractor and approved by the employer.尽管有本条款或任何其他合同条款的条件，在承包商提交履约保证（如果合同有要求的话）并经雇主批准值钱，工程师不对任何支付款额出具证书。b) Notwithstanding any other provision of the Contract, if the Contractor intends to claim any additional payment pursuant to any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise, he shall give notice of his intention to the Engineer, with a copy to the Employer, within 28 days after the event giving rise to the claim has first arisen.尽管本合同有任何其他规定，如果承包商根据本条件的任何条款或其他有关规定有意要求得到任何追加付款的话，他都硬在引起索赔的事件第一次发生后的28天之内，将他的索赔意向通知工程师，同时并将通知副本成交雇主。7. subject to: 须经过；有待于；依照，依据，以为准；以为条件，受的支配（约束或影响）a) The arrangement is made subject to the approval of the Engineer.这项安排要经过工程师的批准才能成立。b) The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the following goods subject to the following conditions.卖方特依据以下条件从卖方订购如下列货品，或买方向卖方订购下列货品，条件如下。c) This guarantee is subject to Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees, published as number 458 by the International Chamber of Commerce, except as stated above.本保函除上述要求外，还应受国际商会出版的编号为458的“即付保函统一规则”的约束。d) Where the Contract provides for payment in whole or in part to be made to the Contractor in foreign currency or currencies, such payment shall not be subject to variations in the rate or rates of exchange between such specified foreign currency or currencies and the currency of the country in which the Works are to be executed.如果合同规定将全部或部分款额以一种或几种外币支付给承包商，则此项支付不应受上述的一种或几种外币与施工所在国货币之间的汇率变化的影响。Provide for：规定e) This offer is subject to our confirmation. If you find it acceptable, let us have your reply as soon as possible.本报价以我方确认为准。如果你放认可接受，请尽早函告我方。8. without prejudice to：在不损害的前提下，在不影响的情况下a) Without prejudice to the foregoing rights, we request and urgent meeting to discuss this problem.在不影响上述权利的情况下，我们要求召开一次紧急会议讨论这个问题。b) The provision, use and refund of the deposits shall be without prejudice to the ultimate liability of the contributing parties.保证金的提供、使用和退还，不影响各方最终的分摊责任。9. unless otherwise：除非unless otherwise specified/stipulated/provided：除非另有规定unless otherwise stated：除非另有说明unless otherwise agreed：除非另有协议a) Unless otherwise specified in the Contract, the supplied Goods shall be packed by standard protective measures.除非合同另有规定，对供应的货物应采用标准保护措施进行包装。b) However, unless otherwise agreed by both Parties, the Engineer shall not delegate the authority to determine any matter in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 Determinations.然而，如果双方没有另外的协议，工程师不得授权他人按第3.5款确定的规定去确定任何事物。10. except otherwise：（=unless otherwise）除非Except where otherwise provided by the Contract, the Contractor shall not subcontract any part of the Works without the prior consent of the Engineer.除合同另有规定外，未经工程师的实现统一，承包商不得将工程的任何部分分包出去。11. in witness whereof：用于合同的结尾条款，而且经常全部以答谢形式出现，意思相当于，“特此证明”或“以资证明”。如：IN WITNESS WEREOF, this Contract is signed in Kuwait City by duly authorized representatives of both Parties hereto on the first above-mentioned date.本合同由被双方正当授权之人，在科威特城于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人签订，特此证明。12. Know all men by these presents that: 经常一大些的形式出现在正式文书的开头，为达到强调或醒目的作用，采用的是倒装玉虚，正常语序是：All men know by these presents that意思相当于汉语的：“根据本文件，特此宣布”、“特此证明”；by these presents（根据本文件）是法律术语。如：a) KNOW ALL MEN BY PRESENTS:This AGREEMENT has been entered into by and among the following college and university libraries hereunder listed. 根据本文件，特此宣布：本协议由以下各学院和大学的图书馆签订。b) Know All Men by these presents that we, the ABC Bank having our registered office at (hereinafter called the Bank) will be bound unto the Employer, in the Sum of for which payment well and truly to be made to the Employer, the Bank will bind himself, his successors and assigns by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，ABC银行，其注册地点在 （以下称“银行”），向业主李月担保支付 的保证金。本保证书对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力。13. including but not limited to: 包括，但不限于The Contractor shall assume full and exclusive liability for payment of all taxes, duties, levies, fiscal constributions and other charges, including but not limited to withholding taxes, personal income taxes, property taxes, capital gains taxes, Value Added Taxes, pensions, insurance contributions, turnover or sales taxes and all corporate taxes, as may be imposed on Contractor, and/or its personnel in connection with this Contract.承包商应完全承担所有的税款、关税、派税、财政支出以及其他费用，包括但不限于代扣税款、个人所得税、财产税、资本收益税、增值税、养老金、保险金、营业额或销售税以及可能向承包商和（或）与本合同有关的承包商人员征收的所有公司税。14. provide that：有两个含义（=if）如果；条件是（这种情况下也可用providing that）；（=It is provided that）规定，但规定，但是a) Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. = Providing (that) there is no opposition如果没有人反对，我们就在这里开会。b) At the expiration of this Agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this Agreement at that time.本协议到期前，双方可以协商延长协议期限，但条件是，届时乙方完全符合本协议的条件。c) Instructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing, provided that if for any reason the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally, the Contractor shall comply with such instruction.工程师应以书面形式发出指令；但规定，如果由于某种原因，工程师认为必须以口头形式发出任何此指令，承包商应遵照执行。15. undersigned: （本）文末签名者a) We, the undersigned, agree to these arrangements.我们，文末签名人，同意这些安排。b) At the undersigned persons are bound by the contract.所有文末签名人均受此合同约束。16. at ones sole discretion (或at the sole discretion of sb.)：由某人自行决定，按照某人的意见（办事）a) The consent, notwithstanding the provisions of Sub-Clause 1.5, shall be at the sole discretion of the Employer.尽管有1.5条款的规定，这种统一也应由雇主自行决定。b) The engineer may, at the sole discretion of the Employer, issue a Test Certificate for any part of the Works.在雇主的决定下，工程师可以为部分工程办法实验证书。17. accordingly：相应地，按照所说的或发生的（去做）a) However, of the recipient gives notice of another address, communications shall thereafter be delivered accordingly.然而，如果接收人告知了另外地址，则以后的信件必须按所给的（新）地址发送。此处，accordingly=according to the address stated in the notice.b) Please inform us of your decision and we will act accordingly.请把你们的决定通知我们，我们会照办的。Accordingly=according to your decision.18. as the case may be：视情况而定，根据具体情况The advance payment shall be recovered at 5% or 10% as the case may be each month from the amount of each monthly payment paid to the Contractor with effect from the first monthly payment.预付款应按5%或10%的比例（视情况而定），从支付给承包商的月付款中收回，自第一次月付款起执行。19. to the extent that：达到这样的程度（或范围）；结果，从而；在这样的范围内；在这样的条件下，如果To the extent that full compensation for any rise or fall in Costs is not covered by the provisions of this or other Clauses, the Accepted Contract Amount shall be deemed to have included amounts to cover the contingency of other rises and falls in costs.如果本款或其他条款的规定未能包括对各种成本的任何涨落进行补充补偿，中标合同金额应被视为已包括了其他成本不可预见的涨落费用。20. save：（=except）：prep. /conj. 除了以外；只是a) We have repaired all the loaders save one.除了一台没修以外，其他所有的装载机我们都修好了。（=except）b) The screen was all dark save for one bright spot.除了一点灯光外，屏幕上一片黑暗。（=except for）c) A similar timetable has been adopted, save that the morning break is shorter.采用的时间表答题相同，只是早上的休息时间缩短了。（=except that：只是）d) Save as aforesaid, words or expressions contained in this Attachment shall bear the same meanings as in the Agreement.除了上述情况而外，本附件中所用之词语或表述与协议中的词语或表述意思相同。（Save在此句中用作连词）21. less：在合同文本中，经常当介词来使用，意思是：减去、扣除，不计。如：less retention and previous payments 减去保留金和以前的付款；to pay the total amount less tax 支付扣除税款以外的总额The accountant gave me 1,000 US dollars, less 50 dollars for food.会计发给我1000美元，扣除了50美元伙食费（实际发给950美元）。22. for the purpose of：就而言For the purpose of the Contract, the Commencement Date of the Works shall be My 8, 2007.就本合同而言，工程的开工日期应是2007年5月8日。23. the same：只待前面所描述的“物”或“事”。如：a) The Engineer shall, from time to time, have authority to issue to the Contractor such supplementary drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the proper and adequate execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.工程师应有权随时向承包商发出为合理和恰当施工、竣工以及修补工程缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指示。承包商应遵照执行并受其约束。句中的the same 指代的是前面所述的supplementary drawings and instructions.b) This Plant and Materials shall become the property of (and be at the risk of) the Employer when paid for by the Employer, and the Contractor shall place the same at the Employers disposal.此类设备和材料，在雇主为之付款后，就应该成为雇主的财产（雇主亦为之承担风险），承包商则应将其交由业主处置。句中的the same指代的是this Plant and Materials.English Explanation for the Above-mentioned Wordshereafterherebyhereinherein afterhereofheretoheretoforehereuponherewiththereaftertherebythereforthereforetherefromthereofthereontheretothereunderthereupontherewithwhereaswhereatwherebywhereforewhereinwhereofwhereonwheretowhereuponshallNotwithstandingSubject toWithout prejudice to Unless otherwiseExcept otherwisestarting from this time, in futurewith these words or with this actionin thishereinof this documentto this matter or documentbefore this point in time; previouslyat this point in timetogether with this letter or other official written materialcounting on from a particular point in time, especially after something else has stopped happen