英美文学的相关名词解释以及问答.doc

一选择题二名词解释（5个）1. American TranscendentalismTranscendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism. Emphasizing spirit and the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe as a reaction against Newtonian concept of the universe, the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking, and the popular tendency to get ahead in world affairs to the neglect of spiritual welfare. Stressing the importance of the individual and individual s capability for self-regeneration and self-perfection as a reaction against the Calvinist concept of human beings and the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developing capitalism. Offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence, the garment of the Oversoul, exerting a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.2. Metaphysical poetryA loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. The label metaphysical was given much later by Samuel Johnson in his Life of Cowley. These poets themselves did not form a school or start a movement; most of them did not even know or read each other. 3. Byronic Hero The Byronic hero is an idealised but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterised by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being mad, bad and dangerous to know.1 The Byronic hero first appears in Byrons semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (1812-18).4. The precursor of socialist movement visualizing a new social order based on the regeneration of man and the virtue of love*5. Heroic couplet A heroic couplet is a tradtional form for English poetry, commonly used fo epicand narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentamater lines. The ryhme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffery Chaucer.英雄双音句体指英诗的一种形式，通常用于史诗和叙事诗。这样的诗歌是由很多对押韵的抑扬五步格诗行组成的。所压的韵很阳刚。英雄双音句体的使用首先由乔叟开创。（来自参考书）6. Thomas Hardys fatalism and determinism Hardy asserts that in his pilgrimage of life he has met with both sorrow and joy and that it is not god who is responsible for this but the purblind doomsters Casualty chance, accident and Time. “ Dicing time refers to the fact that events in a persons life take place unexpectedly and purely by chance like the throw of a dice. Hardys conclusion is that it is not god who determines the joy and sorrow in a persons life but casualty or chance which is completely neutral and dictates that all events in a persons life whether joyful or sorrowful take place indiscriminately at no fixed or expected time. Hardys is a world, amoral in nature, where “the President of Immortals” sits high up on the throne, hostile often or nonchalant at best to the human world.（找不到，这是课件上相关的话。）7. American Puritanism The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of Rngland in the late sixteen century.Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New Worlda migrantion that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the worlda style of response to lived experiencethat has reverberated through American life ever since.清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革。在教会和皇权的双重压力下，清教的一个分支于17世纪三、四十年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，而且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。8. Neoclassicism Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture. These movenments were dominant during the mid 18th to the end of the 19th century.新古典主义是指西方在装饰和视觉艺术，文学，戏剧，建筑方面出现的新运动。在这个运动中，提倡借鉴西方古典艺术和文化。18世纪中期到19世纪盛行。（参考书）9. Shakespearean sonnetsl A demonstration of his attitudes toward the society of his time and toward his own experience in lifel Themes and ideas reflected Entreaties of love Mild criticism of the prevailing conditions at the royal court in England of that time Condemnation of certain common social vices and evils Utterances of his personal miseries caused by social evils l Shakespearean sonnet with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef ggl Economy and intensity in language （课件上）A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme. A Shakespearean , or English sonnet consiss of 14 lines, each line contains ten syllable, and each line is written in iambic pentameter in which a pattern of a non-emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The ryhme scheme in a Shakespearaen sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg in which the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.十四行诗是由十四行五步抑扬格组成的韵律规范的诗体。莎士比亚十四行诗或英国十四行诗由十四行组成，每行十个音节，韵律是抑扬格无因步，每个音步非重读音节在前，重读音节在后，重复五次。莎士比亚十四行诗的韵式为abab cdcd efef gg，最后两行为押韵对句。(参考书上只是 sonnet)10. Alliterative verse（头韵体诗）Alliterative verse is a form of verse that uses alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry, as opposed to other devices such as rhyme. The most commonly studied traditions of alliterative verse are those found in the oldest literature of many Germanic languages. This is a technique in which the first half of the line (the a-verse) is linked to the second half (the b-verse) through similarity in initial sound. （课件）10. Deism （ 自然神论,自然神教派(信上帝的存在及创世界,但对其所创造的世界及世人未加以支配) Deism believe in the existence of God without any reliance on revealed religion, religious authority or holy books, typically rejecting supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending to assert that God (or The Supreme Architect) has a plan for the universe that is not to be altered by intervention in the affairs of human life. The world owed its existence to God and the best way to worship God was to worship His creation man, nature, and the world as a whole Formal religion disappeared, which became private and personal, not intermingled with public affairs God did not object to people not believing in Him, and that the best way to serve God was to do good to man. （课件上相关的，参考书上找不到）三选读理解题（5个）四问答题（2个）11. Hamlet is Shakespeares oft-anthologized and most-staged tragedy. What are the reasons for Hamlets hesitation in taking revenge on his uncle on behalf of his murdered father? In what sense is Hamlet tragical? Reasons:1.Hamlet is a hunmanist at that time. The spirit of humanists influences Hamlet a lot. At the beginning, Hamlet lived a happy and cheerful life because he was a simple and pure man. However, something unfortunate happened on him one after another his fathers death, hismothers hurried marriage, Claudius crime, the death of Ophelia. At that moment he not only thought of his personal revenge but also the task to wipe out the evils of the world. The latter task was too complicated for him. It could not be solved by only one attack of sword. Even if he had killed Claudius, he knew he could not solveany problem for that society would produce thousands of newClaudius. Hamlet wanted to find a perfect way to revenge for his father and save the society.2. Another reason for the delay is due to Hamletsreligious superstition. Christianity had great influence onpeople. Hamlet certainly believed that most people would go to hell after death, and he thought what his fathersghost described about the hell was true. Therefore, Hamlet cant accept the divergence between dream and reality.3. He was afraid of failure. Failure means death, yet death was not what he was frightened. But where should he go after death, to heaven or to hell? This makes him hesitate. According to Christian idea, a person who died while praying would go to heaven, even if he were a villain. So while he saw his uncle praying, he didnt take action.4. The other main reason is that the force of Claudius is powerful and cunning. Therefore, Hamlet should wait for a most proper opportunity to take action. He lived in the period of Renaissance. The moral concept of devoting themselves to the king was deeply rooted in peoples mind. If he had taken action earlier, perhaps he would have failed. If he had succeeded, people in the country might not realize the justness of the revenge. Therefore, his delay can be seen as the tactics of the struggle against the enemy.（来自期刊论文，最后一点，斟酌斟酌）w 造成哈姆雷特悲剧的原因是什么？w 客观原因：哈姆雷特所处的时代还没有提供先进分子必然胜利的条件，敌我力量的对比还过于悬殊，这就造成了“历史的必然要求和这个要求 的实际上不可能实现之间的悲剧性的冲突。”主观原因：作为一个人文主义者，哈姆雷特自身有着不可克服的局限性。首先，脱离人民而孤军作战，势单力薄注定失败。(关键因素)其次，片面夸大思想的力量，而忽视实践的作用。再次，患得患失，顾虑重重，妨碍了果敢地行动。最后，性格弱点和落后观念束缚了他的思想和行动。（某个老师的中文PPT）12. As British Romantics, William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge share a lot in common. What are their similarities? And differences?13. “Good and evil we know in the field of the world grow up together almost inseparately; and the knowledge of good is so involved and interwoven with the knowledge of evil, and in so many cunning resemblances hardly to be discerned.” The above is from Areopagitica by John Milton, whose masterpiece is Paradise Lost. How do you evaluate the fall of the first human beings Adam and Eve? What are those contradictory points of Milton reflected in this epic?Milton as a Puritan and Milton as a republicanMilton as a Puritan and Milton as a Renaissance humanist for gay life of physical pleasure The concept of Satans original disobedience stemming from pride, i.e. not wanting to bow down to the Son, is seen in many Jewish and Christian traditional myths (though it is not explicitly stated in the Hebrew Bible or New Testament). In a way, this only helps with our sympathy for the devil. After all, Satan was one of Gods top angels, he had served God unfailingly to arrive at that position, and, in some traditions, was considered Gods first and favorite angel. To make an angel who has worked so hard bow before someone else seems somehow unjust. God as tyrant is an interesting paradox in Milton. It is clear that heaven is a monarchy, with no room for dissent. Interestingly, Satans councils seem much more democratic in the sense that individuals other than Satan are allowed to stand and voice their sometimes opposing views. Miltons point, however, is that right actions (democracy, freedom) done irrationally (out of Gods will) do not count as right. A tyranny ruled by reason and goodness is better than one ruled by passions and animal instincts. Although the councils of Satans angels appear democratic now, it will soon become clear that they are led by lies and deception. Satan later will trick his cohorts into obeying his whims, reason and rational thinking will give way to decisions based on revenge and hate, and corruption will reign outside of Gods ordering nature. 14. How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.（Neoclassicism）l Advocating certain standards in poetic composition to trim the natural botanical garden of Romantic Englandl Emphasizing poet s craftsmanship in poetic form of expression rather than what thoughts or sentiment expressedl Respect for moderation （三点来自ppt）（Romanticism）The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. The differences between neoclassicism and Romanticism:a. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solita