语言学八套真题.doc

英语语言学试题（Test One）第一部分 选择题 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to be _. A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguistic C、 descriptiveD、 psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the _ is/are the most flexible. A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongue D、 vocal cords 3、The morpheme vision in the common word television is a(n) _. A、 bound morpheme B、 bound form C、 inflectional morpheme D、 free morpheme 4、A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、 coordinator B、 particle C、 preposition D、 subordinator主从连词 5、Can I borrow your bike? _ You have a bike. A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent with C、 entailsD、 presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _. A、 semanticsB、 pragmatics C、 sociolinguisticsD、 psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are _ or generalization泛化. A、 elaborationB、 simplification精简 C、 external borrowingD、 internal borrowing 8、_ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、 Lingua franca通用语B、 Creole C、 PidginD、 Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, _ . A、 Brocas area, Wernickes area and the angular gyrus角回 B、 Brocas area, Wernickes area and cerebral cortex C、 Brocas area, Wernickes area and neurons D、 Brocas area, Wernickes area and Exners area 10、According to Krashen, _ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performance D、 acquisition第二部分 非选择题 II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 12.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bilabial(双唇音的) 13、Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are calledcomplete synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of representatives is to commit the speaker to somethings being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word coinage（创新词，创新词语）. 18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + is hes), Black English can delete the form of be. 19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the critical period for first language acquisition. 20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, interlanguage is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%10=20%) ()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. （F：Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.）()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. （F：Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.）()23、The compound word bookstore is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. （F： The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound redcoat.）()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. （F：Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.）()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.（F：Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, girl is called lassie in Scottish dialect, and liquor is called whishey in Irish dialect.）()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. （T）()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European. （T）()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. （F：They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.）()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. （F：The true statement is According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers perceptions and patterns their way of life）()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. （T）IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%10=30%) 31、duality：One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、diachronic linguistics: Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、broad transcription: A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、morphological rules: The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、phrase structure rule: A rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、relational opposites: Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, husband and wife, father and son etc.37、componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word man is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、context: Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、euphemism: A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. pass away for die.40、brain lateralization: Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills. V. Answer the following questions. (10%2=20%) 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five /fi:v/(Middle English) /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so night was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle-spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd (bird) is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart bird.评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:1) Age: The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of the younger the better. But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.2) Motivation: Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.3) Acculturation: The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.4) Personality: The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.英语语言学试题（Test Two）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)(B )1.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D. synonyms (D ) 2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones(D )3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural (D ) 4._produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Brocas aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernickes aphasic (B ) 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows: . A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue(中介语)interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds (A ) 6.A word with several meanings is called _word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C.an abnormal D. a multiple(B)7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isnt it?” is _. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performativive(C)8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in _ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure (A )9._deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics(B )10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as _. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate, -male, +human, +adult二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words _ to form a complete statement, question or command.12. In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of social groups.13. Utterance is based on sentence meaning;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.14.To many people, a linguist is the same as a polyglot ,one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be eithervoiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are voiced.三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 17.16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.(T)17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.(F: Sense and reference )18.Linguistics is the course of language.( F: scientific study of language)19.The part of a sentence which comprise comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.(F:finite verb )20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.(F:diachronic)21.The term dialect, as a technical term in linguistics, carries value judgment and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.(F: no value judgement )22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。(T)23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.(T )24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.(F:morpheme )25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( F:one of the parts)四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)26. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.27. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.28.root and stem: The base form of a word; the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.29. hierarchical structure: The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.30. naming theory and conceptualist view: The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.31. maxims of quality and manner: Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.32. blending: A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.33.sociolect: A variety of languages used by a social class.34. subvocal speech: Thought when it is close to language.35. contrastive analysis: A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young