市场经济条件下农业技术推广工作.doc

management systems and measures established by, and a number of pragmatic, combined part-time workforce education information, the protection of the digital campus construction and sustainable development. Six Bureau attaches great importance to information technology security, information technology security, entrust XX City Center for educational information and equipment dedicated to the work. Network security leading group was set up, chaired by the Education Bureau Chief, head, for XX education Metro-network and information security emergency response leadership. Deputy group leader for XX educational metropolitan area network and information security emergency response coordination, command. The team assist leader and deputy leader, responsible for network XX network security and information . Team. Information security work Conference held each semester, and deployment of information security of documents issued on a regular basis. Information security assessment is included in the annual index. Strictly implement the information security budget to ensure information security of investment. By XX, education information and equipment Centre XX network network security and information security. According to the information technology security requirements, issued a document requires schools (units) implement, defined the information security guidelines, specific work practices, procedures, and requirements. Clear industry information security incidents (accidents) to detect, report and disposal processes. According to self-examination, the school (units) basic established has network security management system; the school (units) according to this units actual, established has units personnel management, information system room management, and equipment management, and media management, and network security construction management, and shipped dimension management, and service outsourcing, management system; developed has computer and the network of network security responsibility held system, signed has network security responsibility; website of information management personnel is responsible for confidential management, password management, on computer enjoys independent right, User name and password of the computer for its proprietary, and release of provisions is prohibited, such as leaks, investigated for responsibility. According to who is in charge of whos in charge, who is running and who is responsible for, who uses principles of who is in charge of management schools (units) defined the roles and responsibilities of information security, assurance responsibilities to schools. XX city schools (units) total site 20, 19 of which were not classified security protection assessment, of which 1 (XX education and resource network) for classified security protection levels, without third-level information systems. Total education information systems 1 (XX education cloud platform), contains features with e-Government, resource library, test database, mail services, such as e-books, all intranet services. No for grade protection grading record and evaluation of school (units), requirements the school (units) according to information security grade protection about policy and standard, organization carried out information security grade protection security management system construction, and technology measures construction and grade evaluation, implementation grade protection system of the requirements, makes information system security management level obviouslyfacility up to 160 million Yuan, according to the standard, high quality planning XX educational metropolitan area network realizes Wan Zhaokuan to schools, hundreds of megabytes of broadband to the table, wire (ie: Web, video, audio) to the target, electronic whiteboards, multimedia classrooms, remote interactive video teaching system of modern educational equipment in the classroom. . With Intel company on XX Education City domain network of topic case design, relies on Cisco company thought Shu aid chuan project staff free provides has three years technology support, from 2009 began, according to high standards, and high of work thought, and manpower planning, and points step implementation, using school earthquake Hou reconstruction of opportunities, again planning elementary and middle schools campus network and education city domain network, and local broadcasting network company cooperation, using broadcast TV network, will physical fiber laying to each school, to minimum of cost achieved has physical fiber school school pass; Each school construction standards of campus network and network access to all rooms; XX education metropolitan area network center machine room equipment in the Ministry of education standardization management platform, the Central Library of audio-visual education resources, set up a Chinese teacher education cloud platform, implemented links the two platforms. At present, the citys primary and middle school students to computer 3198, vitality than 10:1; 809 equipment classes through the classroom (primary and secondary); 36 of the campus network. The establishment of an advanced, practical Gigabit educational metropolitan area network, the citys schools have access to educational metropolitan area network, schools have computer networks, closed-circuit television network, broadcast networks into the classrooms, realize the triple play. Schools share Internet bandwidth, can meet the needs of teaching of the school office and at any time. According to Ministry of education on full started implementation teaching points digital education resources full cover project of notification (taught technical letter (2012) 74th,) and XX Province Department of education on issued XX province teaching points digital education resources full cover project implementation views of notification (chuan taught letter (2013) 18th,) requirements, I city 6 a teaching points implementation teaching points digital education resources full cover project, combined I city specific situation, developed issued has XX City Bureau on teaching points digital resources full cover project of implementation programme, Established XX, full coverage of digital resources in modern distance education teaching project leading group, XX, chaired the Secretary for education. Established, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, XX full coverage project group, XX, Director of the Center for educational information and equipment chaired Zhu Guiyan, responsible for distance education digital resources covering project work. Projects in XX city school digital resources in modern distance education teaching full-coverage project leading group, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, and XX full coverage project group leadership and organization, in accordance with the unified arrangement of the whole province, responsible for university education digital resources covering project management and implementation. According to provinces arrangements, I Center has arrangements Gong市场经济条件下农业技术推广工作面临的变化与对策科学技术是第一生产力，科技进步是经济发展的决定性因素。依靠科技进步，发展高新技术，实现农业现代化，已成为今后农业发展的主要出路。党和政府从跨世纪的战略高度将科技进步提高到经济和社会发展的“决定因素”和“关键地位”，力求在2030年内，使我国达到中等发达国家水平。我国作为农业大国，农业科技进步起着基础的和关键的作用，直接关系到这一宏伟目标能否实现。然而，我国农业也面临严峻的形势和巨大的挑战，最大的问题是自然资源的制约。要打破这一制约，就必须依靠科技，增强科技实力，提高科技贡献率。国外农业发达国家科技进步对农业贡献所占的份额已达到60%80%，而据统计我国才达到30%40%，由此可知我们还存在较大差距。加之我市地处冷凉干旱地区，生态环境脆弱，而耕地有机质含量低，土壤板结，少雨，缺水，资源渐呈枯竭。如何在有限的土地上提高单位面积的资源产出率，又降低成本，同时提高产品质量与商品性，保护资源环境，满足人们对生活越来越高的需要，依靠传统方法是难以解决的，只有依靠科学技术进步特别是高新技术的推广应用才能有效地加以解决.因此,科学技术的进步已成为世界农业发展的根本动力，技术进步的程度已成为判断农业发达与否的根本标志。为了实现跨世纪科技进步战略，把握农业可持续发展和农业技术产业化主攻方向，推广先进的农业生产技术将大大促进农业生产力的发展，进一步增强农业综合实力。为了促进农业技术的推广工作，有利于职能部门的科学决策，提高区域农业高新技术发展潜力，探索我市农业技术在市场经济条件下发展途径和对策，这将有利于加速我市农业高新技术的产业化，形成优势、创出特色。面对新世纪的挑战，通过农业技术的推广，大力推进农业高新技术产业化，优化农业产业结构，达到提高农业生产的质量和效益，促进农业可持续发展，为人类的生存和社会的发展做出贡献。一.农业技术推广工作面临的新形势中国的农业经过了半个世纪的发展，取得了令人瞩目的成就。我们正在进行农业结构的战略性调整，把优质、高效作为农业新阶段发展农产品的目标。农业发展的新阶段不仅对农业产业战略、发展目标、组织制度、技术体系等提出了变革要求，而且对农业技术推广工作也提出了新的挑战和要求。因此，清醒地认识当前我国农业推广工作面临的新形势，是调整农业技术推广工作思路与对策的必要前提。1.经济体制改革，加速了市场经济发展。1992年，中国提出建立社会主义市场经济体制。经过10多年的深化改革，中国农村经济体制正在市场经济的轨道上稳步发展。农业生产的目标也将随着中国加入WTO后的形势变化和要求从数量增长型转变为质量效益型，顺应国内和国际市场变化大宗农产品供求与流通已转移到靠市场调节的轨道上来已经显现。2.科技体制改革，加剧了科技意识。1985年以来，中国不断进行科技体制的改革。改革的主题是：以市场需求为导向，调整科研方向要“有所为，有所不为”，发展科技产业，要促进科研与经济的结合。改革使科研单位不断面向市场，研究开发适于农业法崭新要求的科技产品并推广应用。科研单位、高等院校、农业企业纷纷跻身农业科技服务行列，农业推广领域竞争加剧。3.农村经济发展，引发产业格局变化。随着市场经济对农业的不断引导和国内外农产品市场需求的变化，中国的农村经济已经走出了传统农业的圈子，转而向开放性、市场型、外向型发展。农业结构的战略调整，使农业生产目标由数量型向质量效益型转变；农业产业化经营使农业产业链条和经济链条延长，提高了农业总体效益；具有比较优势的农产品走出国门，成为创汇的重要来源；这些变化促使农业技术推广工作不仅要关注技术水平，更要关注知识、信息、观念、技能等。4.中国加入世贸，使我们的农业完全开放。全球经济一体化和中国加入WTO，使中国农村面临着一个更加开放的市场和更加激烈的竞争。国外先进的农业技术和管理方式必将对我们的传统技术、固有理念形成巨大的冲击。而要应对这种变化，并使中国的农业与国际接轨，中国的农业推广工作必须着眼于农业技术、经济、信息、管理、法规、理念等知识和技能的高效整合与快速扩散。这是新阶段、新世纪、新形势赋予农业推广的新任务。二.农业推广要应对新的变化随着农业、科技形势的变化、农业推广环境也发生了新的变化。市场经济的发展使推广服务范围不再是单纯的技术，而是整个农村社会发展的需要。加入WTO农民对技术的选择余地更大，技术竞争更加剧烈。所有这些都要求农业技术推广工作也必须做出相应的调整。1.农业推广体制要有变化。在我国经济体制由计划经济向市场经济转变中，农业推广体制也要发生相应的变化。过去，我国的推广体制是以政府为主导的推广体系，省、市、县、乡层层设立推广机构，成为农业技术推广工作的主渠道。随着体制改革和农村市场的开放，农业科研单位、高等院校充实到原有的推广体系，市场经济的建立和农村经济体制的深化改革，可使农民推广组织、企业推广组织等民间组织迅速兴起，尤其是农业龙头企业作为创新主体，正在推进产业化进程中自觉地发挥着越来越大的推广作用。因此，农业技术推广工作必须注意到推广渠道的多元化带来的新机遇，进行多种推广力量的整合，加大推广力度，这在农业技术知识更新加快、使用周期缩短的今天，对于提高推广效益尤为重要。新的形势要求中国建立新型推广体制。新型的推广模式应该是多元化的，它包括三个组成部分：一部分是精干的国家推广机构；第二部分是由科技型企业为代表的推广机构以几大学和科研单位的推广机构组成；第三部分由民间组织和农民技术员组成。2.农业推广机制要有变化。随着市场经济的发展，推广工作要由政府指令向着市场引导的咨询服务发展。推广机构要按照市场和农民的需求开展工作，要按照市场机制探索推广新途径，促进技术由无偿活动转向有偿服务，科技成果实行有偿转让。同时对于一时难以取得效益又必不可缺的公益性技术，如病虫害预测预报、农业经济信息等，要继续加强政府推广的力度。要适应市场经济和国际规则给推广工作带来的新挑战，注重维护知识产权和不侵犯他人知识产权，促进行政推广转向法制推广，指令性推广转向市场需求性推广。3.农业推广观念要有变化。今天的农业技术推广与过去传统的推广在内涵上已有很大不同，新经济、新科技形势下的农业推广正由过去单纯的技术普及转向对农民的全面知识教育和素质提高。这是因为今天农民需要的正是与经济有关的所有知识技能的整合。这就要求推广人员也要不断更新知识、提高自身的能力和素质。不仅如此，由于技术知识等来源的多元化，现代经济社会中的农民在许多方面逐步超越专业推广人员的能力，推广人员在向农民输送技术、知识、技能的同时，还必须注重向农民学习，并了解农民的新需求，由单纯技术人员的推广变成有农民参与的推广。4.农业推广方式要有变化。国家推广机构应通过政府渠道获得推广经费和工作经费；科技型企业、大学、科研单位和民间组织、农民技术员，则要按照市场机制实行有偿服务，科技成果实行有偿转让。农业技术推广要适应市场经济和国际规则给它带来的新挑战，加强知识产权保护，促进依法推广。5.农业技术推广目标要有变化。由于农业生产的目标已经有单纯的要求产量转向追求质量效益等多重目标，因此，农业推广工作目标也要做出调整，要由过去追求数量转向增加三农收入提高农业生产经营效益、提高农民生活质量、提高农村生态环境质量、提高农产品在市场上的竞争能力以及满足更多层面的生活需要和促进农业可持续发展。三.思路与对策1.发展市场经济的农业推广观念。要在推广工作中引入市场行为，培植农户参与观念，发展并为农民传输市场经济有关的新观念，如竞争观念、效益观念、信息观念、质量观念、诚信观念、法制观念、可持续发展观念、技术创新观念和素质创新观念等。2.调整农业推广工作的目标内容。农业技术推广工作目标要定位到提高国际竞争能力和环境发展需要更广泛的各个方面，这也是现代农业对推广工作提出的战略要求。要确立推广法律化的观念，技术创新的知识产权受法律保护，公益性技术推广也要根据WTO等国际通行规则纳入法制保护规范。3.建立市场技术推广的培养训练制度。建立市场机制条件下高素质推广人才队伍培养训练制度。要培养不同技术层次需要的推广专家和人才，适应加入WTO竞争需要，适应产业结构调整需要，适应科学技术快速发展的需要，使推广人员不断更新知识，调整知识结构，满足技术竞争、经济社会发展等多方面的需要。4.调整农业推广工作的方式方法。充分运用现代技术（网络技术、信息技术、媒体手段等）武装技术推广部门的条件和手段，要使推广人员不断发展和运用双向沟通和农户参与的推广方法，提高推广工作效率，强化农业技术推广工作的经济行为职能，使之始终为农村经济发展和农民增收服务。5.农业技术推广示范工作要针对区域生态特点和经济需要。不同类型区域有不同区域经济特点和不同的经济产业带，因此，有不同的技术需求和不同的推广目标，项目选择和技术组合必须有针对性。设计技术推广方案就要考虑推广示范区域的特点。根据区域经济的特点和代表性选择农业技术推广示范课题。做到两个结合。即:推广目标与区域性结合强调农业增效和农民增收；示范内容与区域性结合强调结构调整和持续发展。6.突出农户在推广体系中的核心作用。农户是中国当前农业经济体系的最基本生产单元，也是技术推广工作的主要对象和实践者。农业技术推广工作围绕农户为中心，把农户参与当作重要的推广内容，如组织若干骨干农户参加技术示范，并为他们建立示范户档案。系统、动态地了解农户的生产、经营和技术成分变化。根据农户的需要遴选技术组合、安排技术示范内容和方案、设计技术项目。依靠农户的配合开展技术示范和观摩活动。7.农民培训是推广成功的关键，在培训中强调推广人员与农民双向沟通。采取培训观摩和技术指导相结合的交流方式，增加推广人员与农户的接触机会，按照农户的需要搞培训，借助农户方便形式搞观摩，深化培训交流的效果。8.通过技术观摩强化农户参与能力。农民是农业生产的主体，是推广中最活跃的因素。技术示范活动始终要求农民的参与和实施。示范样板放到农户的田间地头。这样提高了示范交流的效果，通过农民的参与反馈即提高了示范方案的适用性、合理性又为推广工作奠定了良好的群众基础。9.利用大众媒体推动技术传播。利用广播、电视、报纸等媒体宣传，在更大范围规模上，扩大项目和技术的社会影响达到增加农业.农村.发展的收入。外商投资企业需改变登记注册事项,应当及时办理变更登记。变更项目应在报经原审批机关批准后30天内向登记主管机关申请办理变更登记。improve, security prevention capacity obviously enhanced, security hidden and security accident obviously reduced, effective guarantees information health development. XX Education Centre regularly carry out day-to-day network security monitoring information and equipment. By the appropriate technical staff, XX network engine room maintenance staff on site management and maintenance on a regular basis, scheduled viewing of networks, systems, databases and associated equipment operating conditions, and make a record. Computer lab maintenance managers regularly run a variety of devices in the school information system parameters, server systems and various data backup, so that there was a hardware failure in a system crash can resume quickly and efficiently. Computer lab maintenance managers establish a network antivirus system, Avira Virus system on a regular basis, and anti-virus software security assessment, time to upgrade. Computer lab maintenance management for all equipment in the room a regular dust, replace the old label. Regularly host servers, network switches, core routing, firewalls, hardware maintenance, such as equipment failure, should be processed in a timely manner in order to ensure safe and reliable operation of the system. In XX city information and equipment was established within the Centre, educational metropolitan area network center machine room XX. Servers and data stores and applications to set up in XX City metropolitan area network center machine room. WindowsServer2003, windowsServer2008, windowsServer2012, Linux, the operating system, the database for SQL Server2008, Office software, such as Microsoft Office software. Schools (units) of computer, information system security products for domestic products, including the use of 360 and kingsoft Internet security software. XX education metropolitan area network used by the server for HP, firewall and information security product for Huawei and Cisco products. In their daily work, to publicize related knowledge and information security considerations. Enhanced global awareness of network and information security, and strive to achieve network everyone knows security and virus before the guard, to improve network and information security, ensure that the XX education system network and information system security. Tracking reporting system requires all parties to strengthen collaboration, work closely with emergency safety plan developed XX education metropolitan area network, regularly carry out emergency drills, and carried out special funds every year to protect the security of information. Annual 2-3 professional training for network managers in the city, forming technology with a strong professional and technical team, school network managers on common network failures and be capable of solving security issues. Issues that cannot be resolved, timely forms of meetings, such as meetings, analysis, and solutions through a meeting, without rolling up the ability to solve problems, and feedback to superiors in writing departments to resolve. Through self-examination, we are well aware, relative lack of investment in education, facilities and equipment for further updates, education development is still uneven, new education concepts need to be further enhanced to some extent and restricting the development of city education. We will take the opportunity of government supervision, to strive for the province education demonstration counties as a driving force, further increase input in education, efforts to promote thelong wing, and Li Wanfu, and Michael Jenkins, and Chen Jian, and Song and xiaochuanyun, 7 bit comrade participate in province backbone face-to-face or network learning, do each teaching points are has teachers participate in training, October 17, 2013, issued XX city education information and equipment Center on requirements the teaching points school for good satellite ground station installation prepared of notification, requirements school related management personnel familiar XX province teaching points digital education resources full cover project construction management manual, Particularly with regard to installation preparation parts according to the point of XX province full coverage of digital educational resources in the project construction management manual . Devices are able to receive TV signals and IP data, the schools have school training and school-based application to use good. Actively organize implementation of a division of a class, a teacher in one class activity. XX in XX city first to complete full registration of teachers working in this city, XX, Sun class rate of 54 per cent respectively, the forefront. In XX, a division of a class, a class a total ranked first in Division activities, was awarded the national ministerial one, 2 provincial second prize, third prize at the provincial level 3. Actively organize implementation of the e-learning space the work of everyone. At present, in the open space of public service platform of provincial educational resources teachers number 2444, 83 to the total number of teachers, student number is 6569 of the open space, the citys total students 18.31 to (junior high school s