定语从句用法分析.doc

定 语 从 句 用 法 分 析定语从句在整个句子中担任定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。eg. The boys who are planting trees on the hill are middle school students 先行词 定语从句#1 关系词：关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as (句子中缺主要成份:主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补语)，关系副词：when, where, why （句子中缺次要成份：状语）。#2 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词引导定语从句，代替先行词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等主要成分。1）who, whom, that 指代人，在从句中作主语、宾语。eg. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man who/whom/ that I saw yesterday.（who/whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green.= the cover of which/of which the cover is green.3）which, that指代物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。eg. The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. （which / that在从句中作宾语,可省略）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。eg. Is he the man who wants to see you?#3.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句，代替先行词（时间、地点或理由），并在从句中作状语。eg. Two years ago, I was taken to the village where I was born. Do you know the day when they arrived? The reason why he refused is that he was too busy.注意：1）关系副词常常和介词+ which结构互换eg. There are occasions when （on which）one must yield (屈服). Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born. Is this the reason why （for which）he refused our offer? * 2）在非正式文体中，that代替关系副词或介词+ which，放在时间、地点、理由的名词，在口语中that常被省略。eg. His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. #4.限制性和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句对先行词的范围进行限定，是不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。eg. This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（非限制性）Which one is better?His father who worked in a factory came to see him . ( ) His father ,who worked in a factory,came to see him. ( )#5. 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况#1. 非限定性定语从句不用that（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous hereThe tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.#2.介词后不能用thateg. We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land (that/which) we get our food from.#3.which 指代整个主句eg. Tom studies very hard ,which makes his parents very happy. 2)只能用that不能用which的情况当先行词是everything、nothing、something、anything、all、little、much等不定代词时 eg. He never read anything that was not worth reading. / Thats all that I know.先行词被all、every、no、some、any、little、much, the only, the very等词修饰时 eg. Ive read all the books that you lent me. The only thing that we could do was to ask the police station for help. You can take any seat that is free. There is little time that we can spare.先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时， eg. It is the first American film of this kind that Ive ever seen. This is the best hotel that I know.先行词由人和物共同组成 eg. The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.。如果关系代词在定语从句中作表语，或者在therebe句型中引导从句，一般用that。 eg. There is a seat in the corner that is still free.He is not the man that he was before. My home village is no longer the place that it used to be.如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。 eg. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.被修饰的成分为数词时，关系代词常用that。eg. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.#6. as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。 As引导的句子可以放在句首，句中或句末，（正如）。 which引导的句子放在句末， （这一点）。 eg. As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. Smoking ,as we know, is harmful to ones health Smoking is harmful to ones health, as we know.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. Fill in the blanks: use It/ What/ As1) _is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.2) _is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.3) _is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.#7. 关于as 的一些特殊结构such.as/ suchthat the sameas /the same .thateg. Such views as he has mentioned should be discussed.He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.对比：He is such a man that nobody likes to play with him. such (so).as 后加定语从句，从句中缺主要成份，such (so ).that后加结果状语从句，从句中不缺成份。eg. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does. 类似的衣服 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 同一件衣服 as manyas与as muchas分别用于可数与不可数名词，意为“如一般多、如此之多”。这是固定结构，其中第一个as是副词，修饰many或much。第二个as为关系代词，引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语或宾语。eg. He has as many books on physics as I have. (as在从句中作have的宾语) He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. (as作从句的主语)相关习语： as has been said before 如前所说 as is well known 众所周知 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as(is) usual 和往常一样#8.that 和 what that引导定语从句时,用作关系代词,指代人或指物,在从句中作主语或宾语，而that引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词,只起连接作用。what只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的主要成份eg. You will like the stamps that I bought yesterday. I think（that）you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice. #9.先行词point, case, scene, business, situation等理解成抽象性的地点, 后加where.但 occasion可表示时间或地点,视语境而定1. Were just trying to reach a point _both sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which 2. I work in a business _almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 3. I can think of many cases _students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where 4. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _people were eaten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that5. He has got himself into a dangerous situation _he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. ( a time when something happens)Please describe an occasion where you met with real difficulties. ( an important social event or ceremony)#10. the way+定语从句eg. I dont like the way (that/in which ) you treated her. way作方式状语 I dont like the way (that/which) you told me yesterday. way作宾语