论文英语摘要的写作及句式.doc

目录第一章 论文英文摘要写作第二章 英语论文摘要常用句式与表达方法第三章 论文摘要写作第一章 论文英文摘要写作论文的摘要一般在一百到两百字左右，大论文（如四五万字的毕业论文）也可一页（七八百字）左右，要说明论文针对解决什么问题（即意义）、方法、如有实验则说明实验基本方法，研究的条件下所得出的一个至几个结论，最后一句总结结论在给定适用范围下的结论和推广意义。比如，某条件下的某事情很重要，然而对某条件下的某参数的测定准确度不高，本文通过某方式在某条件下测得某结果，准确度达到多少，在某限定范围内，本方法可以有何种效果。关键词一定是实词，一般是用来概括你的论文所涉及的一至多个领域，以及你认为重要的研究方法。比如，一篇关于水处理的论文关键词可以是：饮用水、紫外消毒、有机物，这就可以了，当然具体的用词涉及到你的论文内容。英文摘要写法一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解正文的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有：1）This paper deals with.2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).3）This essay presents knowledge that.4）This thesis discusses.5）This thesis analyzes.6）This paper provides an overview of.7) This paper elaborates on .8）This article gives an overview of.9）This article compares.and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning.11)This paper presents up to date information on.12)This article covers the role of chemicals in.13)This paper addresses important topics including.14)This paper touches upon.15)This paper strongly emphasizes.16)This easy represents the proceedings of .17)This article not only describes.but also suggests.18)This paper considers.19)This paper provides a method of .20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.21)This paper offers the latest information regarding.22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of.23)This article explores.24)This paper expresses views on.25)This paper reflects the state of the art in.26)This paper explains the procedures for.27)This paper develops the theory of .28)This article reviews the techniques used in.29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to.30)This article is about.31)This essay is related to .32)This paper concerns.33)This paper gives an account of .34)This article tells of.35)This paper tries to describe.36)This paper provides an analysis of .37)This paper reports the latest information on .38)The author of this article reviews.39)The writer of this paper discusses.40)The writer of this essay tries to explore.41)The aim of this paper is to determine.42)The purpose of this article is to review.43)The objective of this paper is to explore.破题用语，一般有：The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) somethingThis article reviews (or: reports, tells of ,is about, concerns )something.This article has been prepared (or: designed, written).The purpose of this article is to determine something.The problem of something is discussed .结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：The author suggests (recommends, concludes )that.This article shows that.It is suggested that.The authors suggestion (or: conclusion )is that The author finds it necessary to .三、分类举例1）陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要（Descriptive Abstract）一般只说明论文的主题是什么，多半不介绍内容。例1ABSTRACTThis article extends Lehand and Pyle(1997)model to include the possibility that manager may exploit cooperate wealth through transactions with affiliated companies and/or individuals. The results of our model show that the amounts of wealth exploitation are affected by several factors. They are inorderly managerial stockholding, the severity of penalty, the managers risk attitude, firms expected future cash flows, and the variance of future cash flows. Whats more, the relation between managerial holding and the amount of wealth exploitation is not separate. Wealth exploitation rises with management share holdings before the break point. When managerial holding exceeds the break point, any further increase in the management holdings will decrease the amount of wealth exploitation例2ABSTRACTThe effect of price limit on the stock return, volatility and the structural change is analyzed through a generalized autoregressive conditional heterscedasticity (GARCH)model. The interaction between stock returns and its volatility is permitted in each price limit regime. While the stock return does not go up when the price limit goes down from 5%to 7%.The stock volatility, on the other hand, is substantially different across three regimes. The higher the price limit, the larger is the volatility. In end the GARCH model does not suffer from the structural change when price limits change.例3ABSTRACTThis issue presents a complete survey on the integrin, immunoglobulin, and selection families cellular expression patterns on endothelial, resident cells and graft infiltrating cells in human stomach, heart, and lung transplants. It describes the patterns of cellular expression and inducibility in different pathological conditions of the graft. It also discusses the implications for the organ specific appearance of inflammatory reactions in human stomach, heart and lung transplants as for immunosuppressive and therapeutic interventions.例4ABSTRACTWe classified firms financing decisions into four categories: internal financing banking, bank loans, convertible bonds and preferred stocks, and new common shares.This paper uses pooled cross-section and time series data. When the adjusted data is used, we find that B/M has explanatory power to stock returns for the new-issue category; C/F for the internal financing category.The size variable is also significant in all categories. However, the sign is not consistent. The convertible category has reverse size effect and others have size effects. As for the E/P variable, we dont find any additional explanatory power to stock returns for any category. The use of different definition of size hardly changes our results. 例5 Contact Problems in the Classical Theory of ElasticityCONTACT PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY by G. M. GladwellThis article gives an account of contact problems in the classical theory of elasticity. It begins from fundamental principles and aims to offer information on recent developments on this subject that the reader can take advantage to widen his horizon of contact problems.例6 Use of Engineering MetalsABSTRACTThis article shows us the importance of metals in our daily life, especially in machine building and engineering construction. Metals that are used in industry are called engineering metals, of which the most widely-used is iron. Therefore, production of iron is very critical to the development of a nation.例7 Pure and Applied ScienceABSTRACTIn this article, the author holds that pure science is fundamentally concerned with the development of theories establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. On the other hand applied science, is directly connected with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs in the life, and to mans increasing control over the environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines. It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work. It shows to us that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.2）信息型论文摘要。信息型论文摘要（Informational Abstract）与陈述型论文摘要相比，略有不同。它除了介绍论文的主题外，还应介绍论文的主要观点以及各观点部分的核心内容。这种形式实际中相对少见。显然，这种形式的摘要较陈述型摘要长得多。例如：例1 Probable Development of Agricultural MechanizationABSTRACT This article reviews the past achievements in agricultural mechanization and aims to predict the developments in the immediate future. It is widely acknowledged that to cope with greater crop output, it is necessary to make use of more powerful equipment that is capable of more extensive work within the limited time. The main problems are discussed under the following headings.1) General Trend of Mechanization2) Mechanization of Crop Farming3) Mechanization of Animal HusbandryThe article concludes that further progress of agricultural mechanization depends on, to a great extent, the development of mechanical industry, which should be spurred and encouraged.例2 Cultural Factors in Translation and Their TransferABSTRACTThis thesis attempts to apply general knowledge of linguistics, anthropology and translation to the research of cultural factors in translation and their transfer.The thesis concludes a brief introduction and four chapters. The introduction presents the specific topic and raises several related issues. Chapter One is devoted to the relationship between language, culture and translation. Chapter Two focus on the categorization of cultural factors in translation. Chapter Three talks about three topics: translatability, major translation methods of cultural factors, and the transfer of some important cultural subcategories. The last chapter gives an analysis of some inappropriate translations and draws a general conclusion for the whole thesis.例3ABSTRACTInternationalization and liberalization of business activities have become two of the most significant phenomena for the successful operations of contemporary enterprises. At present, the prevalence of national protectionism and the establishment of regional economic communities have further enhanced many firms to take part in overseas investments in order that the tariff and non-tariff barriers of the products could be reduced or eliminated. Yet, companies operate in different countries with different political, legal, economic, and social cultural surroundings might have different management styles and strategic operating patterns. Traditionally, the Japanese and the US management patterns are two of the most important reference models for the operations of domestic enterprises. Thus, to promote the success of business internationalization activities, it would be very helpful for the domestic firms in Taiwan to evaluate the similarities and differences of the characteristics of business operations for the US and the Japanese firms especially on management styles, organizational structures, and business performances. Through a series of personal interview and mail survey, this study concluded the following findings:(1)Firms with different investment origins (i.e., Taiwanese, American, and Japanese firms) tended to operate differently on constructs of cooperate objectives, organizational structures, competitive strategies, and management performances.(2)For cooperate objectives, Japanese firms tended to emphasize organizational development objectives through educating and activating human resources, while American firms favor financial objective such as improving cash flow and profitability. For organizational structures, American firms achieved higher levels of delegation authority and operation formalization than those of Japanese and Taiwanees firms. For competitive strategies, American firms tended to emphasize product differentiation and cost leadership strategies while Japanese firms favor process innovation and product differentiation strategies.(3)Firms selecting process innovation and product development strategies tended to emphasize both organizational development and sales growth objectives .These firms tended to be very sensitive on the potentials of industry development. In addition, firms adopting cost leadership strategies tended to emphasize sales growth objectives. In a word, these firms seemed to exercise higher levels of formalization and standardization of business activities.英文摘要的写法中文科技论文所附的英文摘要，其内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。GB 771387规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。1.1英文题名 1) 题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物)；Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat Treated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization Be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。 2) 题名的字数。题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。（数模论文中最好题目在10个单词以内）例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；美国国立癌症研究所杂志J Nat Cancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。 3) 中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算，the direct measurement of heat transmitted wet steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。 4) 题名中的冠词。在早年，科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多，近些年有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如：the effect of groundwater quality on the wheat yield and quality其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。 5) 题名中的大小写。题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。 全部字母大写。例如：optimal disposition of roller chain drive 每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如：the deformation and strength of concrete dams with defects 题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。例如：topographic inversion of interval velocities 目前b.格式用得最多，而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。 6) 题名中的缩略词语。已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。 1.2作者与作者单位的英译 1) 作者。中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。 2) 单位。单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写，外人不知所云，结果造成混乱。FAO, WHO, MIT尽人皆知，而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,恐怕只有“圈内”人知。另外，单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法)，切不可另起炉灶。 1.3英文摘要 1) 英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下：this study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) tothe anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of davidia involucrata (珙桐) and camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. the result shows(reveals)，it is found thatthe conclusions arethe author suggests涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：the heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and august,1996.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如：Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。 主动语态。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。the author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时，the author systematically都可以去掉，而直接以introduces开头。 被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：in this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称this paper等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：to describe， to study， to investigate， to assess，to determine，the torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。 4) 注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误。 冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an x ray. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：three hundred dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected中的 three hundred 不要写成300. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。 尽量使用短句。因为，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。2 EI对英文摘要的基本要求2.1英文摘要的完整性目前，大多数作者在写英文摘要时，都是把论文前面的中文摘要(一般都写得很简单)翻译成英文。这种做法忽略了这样一个事实：由于论文是用中文写作的，中文读者在看了中文摘要后，不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面、详细的信息，但由于英文读者(如EI的编辑)一般看不懂中文，英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。因此，这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性，即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。这样，即使读者看不懂中文，只需要通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的，解决问题的主要方法、过程，及主要的结果、结论和文章的创新、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一。这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。因此，在写作英文摘要时，要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论，这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路，又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据，使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识。当然，这并不意味着中文摘要就不必强调完整性。事实上，在将中文摘要单独上网发布或文章被收入中文文摘期刊时，中文摘要所提供的信息也必须具有完整性。另外，由于东、西方文化传统存在很大的差别，我国长期以来的传统教育都有些过分强调知识分子要“谦虚谨慎、戒骄戒躁”，因此我国学者在写作论文时，一般不注重(或不敢)突出表现自己所做的贡献。这一点与西方的传统恰恰相反。西方的学者在写论文时总是很明确地突出自己的贡献，突出自己的创新、独到之处。西方的读者在阅读论文时也总是特别关注论文有什么创新独到之处，否则就认为论文是不值得读的。由于中、英文摘要的读者对象不同，鉴于上述两方面的因素，笔者认为论文中的中、英文摘要不必强求一致。5.2EI对英文摘要的写作要求目前，由作者写作的英文摘要，绝大多数都比较粗糙，离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远，需要进行大的修改，有时甚至是重写。这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。下面就根据EI对英文摘要的写作要求，谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。EI中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)2.3英文摘要各部分的写作根据EI对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。2.3.1目的（What I want to do?） 目的。主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，EI提出了两点具体要求：1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。2.3.2过程与方法 (How I did it?)过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用