历年研究生英语考试2000-2015翻译真题句子.doc

1999（71）Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians，modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace，eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorianscraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.（72）Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy，theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.（73）Duringthistransfer，traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.（74）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians，especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod，”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences，thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.（75）Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources.Andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.解析：71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians, /modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoone/thatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是Whiletherearealmostas.asthereare. +主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as.as结构是比较级，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义。2)主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。3)seeshistoryas把看作是，不定式短语torecreateandexplain.作名词theattempt的定语。第三、词的处理：While虽然，尽管definitions定义，界定modernpractice现代(补词：史学家的)实践conformsto符合于，趋向于认为attempt试图，尝试torecreate再现，重现(不能说重新创造历史)events事件，结合上下文引申为史实完整的译文：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisen/lessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdiscipline/andmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.第二、句子的结构1)主干结构是一个简单句：Interest.hasarisenlessthrough.andmorefrom.2)并列状语lessthrough.andmorefrom的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译比较少的是因为，更多的原因是3)challenge后面的不定式短语tothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdiscipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议，internalquarrels后面的介词短语amonghistoriansthemselves作quarrels的定语。第三、词的处理：Interestinhistoricalmethods对历史方法的关注(兴趣)arisen来自于，产生于challenge质疑，挑战validity真实性，正确性asanintellectualdiscipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域)internalquarrels内部意见不统一，内部分歧完整的译文：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Duringthistransfer, /traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmented/byadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：.methodswereaugmentedby.2)过去分词短语designedto.作句子宾语methodologies的定语。第三、词的处理：transfer转变augmented充实，补充additionalmethodologies新方法designedto用来interpret阐释，解释，说明thenewformsofevidence新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料inthehistoricalstudy在(补译：历史学家)研究历史时完整的译文：在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Thereisnoagreement/whethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneral/ortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是存在句Thereisnoagreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。2)whethermethodologyrefersto.orto.是主语agreement的同位语。3)theconcepts后面的形容词短语peculiartohistoricalworkingeneral是它的定语；theresearchtechniques后面的形容词短语appropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry也是作定语。第三、词的处理：agreement统一的意见，一致看法whether.refersto.orto. 是指还是指theconcepts/peculiarto/historicalwork/ingeneral(按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念theresearchtechniques研究手段appropriateto适用于，合适于thevariousbranches各个领域historicalinquiry历史探究完整的译文：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorians/whoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources, /andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.第二、句子的结构1)主干结构是：Itappliesequallyto.,andto.直译这既适应于又适应于引申为这既存在于又存在于2)traditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryas.和socialsciencehistorianswhoequate.with.是并列结构，指两种历史学家，各有定语从句修饰。第三、词的处理：It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论traditionalhistorians传统历史学家，历史传统派viewhistoryas把历史看作是sources源泉，引申为史料来源socialsciencehistorians社会科学历史学家，历史社科派theiractivity活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究equate.with把等同于，认为是specifictechniques具体方法完整的译文：这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。（71）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。（72）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。（73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（74）所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为“单方同研究法”的史学家，常常成了“单纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。（75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。2008年Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedhispossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley. (47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonfeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry. (48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies”isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.” (49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykidsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:“NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.” (50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.解析：(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.结构分析：主句/hebelieves宾语从句/thatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageof并列结构/forcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,并列结构 /andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.词义推敲：thisverydifficultyvery表示强调，我们可以翻译为“正是这个困难”compensatingadvantage补充的/补偿的优势，forcinghimto强迫他去intently刻意地，专心地，集中地enablinghimto使他能够reasoning推理参考译文：达尔文认为正是因为这个困难，促使他对每一个句子进行长时间和针对性的思考，同时也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。这也就使他具有了别人所不具备的优势。得分重点：宾语从句，并列结构，固定短语(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonfeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.结构分析：主句/Heasserted,also, 宾语从句/thathispower后置定语/tofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited, 非限定定语从句/forwhichreasonfeltcertain表语从句/thathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.词义推敲：Asserted宣称，声称Follow理解Abstract抽象的，深奥的trainofthought一连串的思想，思路，思想（固定搭配）参考译文：达尔文同时声称，对于冗长而且纯抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不强。因为这个原因，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。得分重点：宾语从句， 定语从句，表语从句(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.结构分析：状语结构/Ontheotherhand, 主句/hedidnotaccept宾语补足语/aswellfounded宾语/thechargemadebysomeofhiscritics同位语从句/that, 让步状语从句/whilehewasagoodobserver, 同位语从句/hehadnopowerofreasoning.词义推敲：Ontheotherhand另一方面aswellfounded这个结构的完整形态应该是“aswellfoundedone(指代charge)，我们翻译“就像那些有根有据的指控一样”。charge指控，控诉critics批评家，评论家observer观测者，观察员nopowerofreasoning缺乏推理的能力参考译文：另一方面，虽然有些批评他的人一致认为他善于观察，但不具备推理能力，但是他不同意这种说法。得分重点：同位语从句，让步状语从句，宾语补足语(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.结构分析：主句/Headdshumbly宾语从句/thatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmen并列结构/innoticingthings定语从句/whicheasilyescapeattention, 并列结构/andinobservingthemcarefully.”词义推敲：add增加，补充humbly谦虚地，谦恭地superiorto优越于thecommonrunofmen普通人，比如：Shesdifferentfromthecommonrunofstudents.她跟一般学生不同。参考译文：达尔文很谦虚的补充到，有些事情需要高度的注意力和细心的观察，也许他自己在观察此类事情时比一般人有优势。得分重点：宾语从句，定语从句，并列结构(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.结构分析：主句/Darwinwasconvinced宾语从句/thatthelossofthesetasteswas并列结构/notonlyalossofhappiness, 并列结构/but（also）might并列结构/possiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobably并列结构/tothemoralcharacter.词义推敲：convince使确信，使信服thelossofthesetastes失去这些兴趣alossofhappiness失去幸福beinjuriousto有害于参考译文：达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。得分重点：宾语从句, 并列结构在其（指达尔文）自传中，他指出，想要简洁明了地表达自己观点的时候，他总会遇到很大的困难。(46)他相信，正是这种困难或许能够扬长避短，以使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子；因此，使他能在推理和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。他说他自己反应迟钝，理解力差，就象著名的赫胥黎一样。(47)他还断言，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点上，他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。他还认为自己的记忆杂乱而模糊，从某一个方面来说，甚至是很糟糕，以至于他记住一次约会或者是一行诗歌的话，几天就能忘记。(48)另一方面，批评家指责他尽管善于观察，但却不能推理，对此，他并不接受且认为毫无依据。他认为，这种批评是错误的，因为物种起源这本书从头到尾都是长篇大论，却说服了很多有才华的人。他承认，如果不具备推理能力，没有人能够写出这样的书。他愿意说自己是“有我应该具有的发现能力和常识判断能力，正如每一个成功的律师和医生一样；但是，我认为，我的水平不高。”(49)他谦虚地补充道，或许他“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人容易忽略的细节，更能够对此加以详细地观察”。在其晚年著作中，他表示，在过去的二三十年中，他的思想在两三个方面发生了变化。到三十岁左右，诗歌带给他极大的快乐。以前，绘画也能给他带来兴致，而音乐能给他无穷的乐趣。然而，他在1881年说：“这几年来，读一行诗，我就受不了。我最近还想要试图读读莎士比亚，可发现，相当乏味，难以忍受到了令人呕吐的程度。我也几乎快要丧失了自己对音乐和绘画的品味了。一般来说，音乐让我更加积极深入地思考目前的工作，而不能给我乐趣。我现在依然能够欣赏美景，但是它却不能象从前一般带给我极大的愉悦。”(50)达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。2009年Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc. (47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworldsworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance. (48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount. (49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducationthatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.解析：46、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 结构分析：并列分句及形式主语结构/It may be said主语从句/that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect 介词短语作后置定语/in enlarging and improving experience; 并列分句/but this effect is not a part of its original motive.词义推敲：the measure of 对的衡量social institution社会制度effect效果，效应，影响enlarging and improving experience扩展（或扩大）和改进（或提升）经验original原始的，最初的motive动机，目的参考译文：可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。得分重点：主语从句，后置定语，后一个分句的宾语47、Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.结构分析：并列句及倒装结构/Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, 并列句及倒装结构/and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.词义推敲：gradually逐渐地，渐渐地by-product副产品，意外结果、副作用directive指导性的the conduct of the institution制度的运转（或实施）参考译文：社会制度的这种副效应是逐渐地被意识到的，而认识到这种效应是制度运转的指导性因素则更加缓慢。得分重点：两个倒装结构，呈递进关系的两个被强调部分48、While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.结构分析：让步状语从句/While 形式主语/it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, 主句及形式主语/it is比较结构/ not so easy 比较结构/as in dealing with adults.词义推敲：Ignore忽视，忽略contact with与接触、联系the effect of our acts我们的行为产生的影响disposition气质，性格deal with adults与成年人打交道、接触参考译文：虽然在我们与年轻人接触时，很容易忽略我们的行为对他们的性格产生的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。得分重点：让步状语从句，形式主语49、Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.结构分析：原因状语从句/Since