职称英语概括大意和完成句子精选讲义.doc

概括大意和完成句子1. 每道题型四分，共八分。2. 十分钟之内必须做完一道题。3. 一篇文章出了两个题型，一个题型是概括大意，另一个是完成句子。分别出四个题， 每道题1分，共8分。一. 概括大意1.分值：4分。 2.题型特点：它考的是四段的中心思想。 注意：(1)提供的备选答案是六个。 (2)文章的篇幅。 3.做题的步骤： a.看标题。(查字典与不查字典)。b.看问哪四段并做好标记。(P148)Exercise one North America1 The natural regions of North America are typified by broad areas of apparently similar appearance and morphology. The entire western margin of the continent is paralleled by a series of mountain chains with intermountain basins and plateaus. The vast interior of the continentis dominated by gently rolling plains. The eastern side of the continent has both low mountain relief and, along the southeast coast, almost flat topography.2 The agricultural resources of North America are immense, with much of this potential located in the United States and southern Canada. Almost all of the Interior Plains and the Atlantic and Gulf Lowlands regions are suitable for agriculture. Significant areas within the Western Uplands-wherever water is available-are valuable crop or pasture lands as smaller sections of Middle America.3 Of the more than 400 million people in North America, more than 60%are located in the United States and almost another 20%live in Mexico. Almost all of Canadas people live within 200 km (125mi) of the U. S. border. The remainder of the continents population is divided between the Caribbean and Central American countries, with Cuba, in the Caribbean, by far the most populous.4 The educational levels of North Americans are exceeded on a continental scale only in Europe and in Australia. In the United States and Canada more than 50%of the people older than 25 years have completed at least 12 years of schooling. In addition, more than 15%have completed at least 4 years of college. Virtually the entire population of both countries are considered literate. In contrast, a large portion of the Middle American population does not finish primary school.5 Levels of economic development vary greatly over the continent. The postindustrial economies of Canada and the United States employ well under one-tenth of their tabor forces in agriculture and one-third or less in industry, with the rest primarily employed in service industries. Fueled by oil revenues, Mexicos economy developed more rapidly in the 1970s than any other countrys on the continent. The fall of oil prices in the 1980s, however, stalled this growth and plunged Mexico deeply into debt. In the Caribbean the pace of economic development is uneven, and unemployment rates are generally high.NextPageA Agricultural ResourcesB EducationC EconomyD PeopleE LandF Employment1 Paragraph 2 _2 Paragraph 3 _3 Paragraph 4 _4 Paragraph 5 _5 The topographical feature of North America is _.6 The great potential agricultural resources of North American lies in _.7 In U. S. and Canada _ is considered illiterate.8 Mexicos rapid economic development in the 1970s is due to _.A oil revenuesB noneC the entire populationD the U. S. and southern CanadaE intermountain basins and plateausF broad areas of similar appearance and morphologyc.分析A-F选项。(找关键词) 关键词：名词 1)冠词a，an，the后面的词一定是名词。若接两个单词，名词是后者。2)of两边是名词。3)介词的后面接的是名词。4)ones后是名词。5)通过名词的后缀判断名词。-tion，- sion，-ness，-ment，-ance (-ce)，部分-y， 关键词：词组 数字年代 写法特殊的单词(专有名词、有小连字符的单词、有引号的单词) 形容词、副词、原级、比较级、最高级 注意：名词前的修饰词adj.大多数为原级。 名词前的修饰词反义词是否与文章表达一致。 比较级(-er)more less 最高级(-est) most leastd.到相应的段落找答案。段的第一句;如果第一句没有，看第二句;第二句也没有，看最后一句。如这三个地方都没有，往中间看。注意：1.如果在第二句前边出现了but、however、在线词以它们后面句子中的 在线词为主。 2.如果某个句子前边出现一下单词：show、conclude、conclusion、 find、suggest，到词后的句子中找关键词。 3.有绝对化意义的答案不选，如all。(P155)Exercise Five Baldness and Hair Loss1 About one out of eight men in America experiences noticeable baldness by age 25, estimates American Medical Association. During the next ten years, three times as many male hairless can be seen bearing a speedy retreat. By age 45, close to half the male population shows obvious signs of so-called pattern baldness. At retirement age, 65 percent of men are at least partially bald.NextPage2 But baldness is not limited to men. While no one knows exactly how many women are affected, some scientists report that an increasing number of women in their 20s and 30s are losing their hair for stress-related reasons. Some post-menopausal women suffer significant hair loss.3 Researchers have yet to figure out why people go bald, although theyve been pondering the question for hundreds of years. Scientists today say that 90 percent of all male baldness and some female baldness are genetically programmed, but they do not know the details.4 The genetic program is activated by age. In men, the result generally follows a pattern: a gradually receding widows peak in front eventually meets a growing monks spot in back, leaving only a narrow horseshoe of hair around the head. Women tend to lose hair willy-nilly, resulting in sparse over-all coverage with no true bald spots.5 But 10 percent of all men who lose their hair and almost all pre-menopausal women who lose their hair are not genetically programmed to go bald. Generally, tension and stress, nutritional deficiencies, drugs or radiation, illness or surgery, hair abuse (vigorous brushing, tight rubber bands or tautly pulled hair styles) and pregnancy are considered the answer.6 Is there a cure for baldness? The afflicted have been asking that question and hotly pursuing the latest treatment. Actually, the answer is simple: if the baldness is caused by one of thetemporary conditions mentioned above, there is the cure: time. Hair almost grows back normally after the follicles recuperate from whatever temporary shock they received. But if you are genetically programmed to go bald, it will be much more difficult.7 But, modern science does have some good news for the genetically programmed bald Personwho wants a full head of hair:Individual styled and fitted hairpieces and wigs. The hairpiece technology is so sophisticated that it really is possible for nobody but only your hairdresser to know the truth.Hair transplants. Developed in the 1950s, this technique involves the transplanting of plugs, each consisting of 12-15 intact hairs and follicles, from the back of the head to the bald spots.But the process is tedious and costly, and not everyone has enough hair to provide sufficient plugs. The newest solution is hair transplantation combined with scalp-reduction surgery.Minoxidil. A drug used to treat high blood pressure but having the side effect of growing hair.1 Paragraph 4 _2 Paragraph 5 _3 Paragraph 6 _4 Paragraph 7 _A Men suffering from baldnessB Genetically programmed baldnessC Factors causing hair loss other than genetic causesD Cures for all kinds of baldnessE Womens problem of hair lossF Solutions for genetically programmed hair lossNextPage5 In the next ten years, the rate of men suffering from baldness may be _.6 Exactly why many women suffer from hair loss is _.7 The majority of mens baldness results from _.8 Just Wait, and many: people will recover from _.A still unknownB genetic factorsC non-genetically programmed baldnessD tension, pregnancy, and other causesE one Out of eightF three out of eight4.词性变化不影响选择。(p56)Stanford University1 Stanford University, famous as one of northern Californias several institutions of higher learning, is sometimes called the Harvard of the West. The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco, a city thirty-two miles to the north, gives the university a decidedly cosmopo1itan flavor.2 The students are enrolled mainly from the western United States. But most of the fifty states send students to Stanford, and many foreign students study here, as well. And standards for admission remain high. Young men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes.3 Not only because of the high caliber of its students but also because of the desirable location and climate, Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the worlds most respected scholars. The university staff has included many Nobel Prize winners such as Dr. Felix Bloch, Dr. Robert Hofstadter, and Dr. William Shockley in physics, Dr. Author Kornberg and Dr. Joshua Lederberg in medicine, and Dr. Paul J. Flory and Dr. Linus Pauling in chemistry. The Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenistsyn has been in residence. Stanfords undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business, law, and medicine are especially wellregraded.4 What is student life like on The Farm? Culturally, the campus is a magnet for both students and citizens of nearby communities. Plays, concerts, and operas are performed in the universitys several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater, where graduations are also held. Several film series are presented during the school year. Guest lecturers from public and academic life frequently appear on campus. In the evenings, many students gather to socialize in the Student Unions coffee house; here the beverages and the atmosphere both have a decidedly European flavor. For the sports-minded, the Stanford campus offers highly developed athletic facilities. Team sports, swimming, and track and field activity are all very much part of the Stanford picture. So are bicycling and jogging.NextPage5 In addition to financial support from alumni, Stanford receives grants from the government and from private philanthropic foundations. In recent years, government grants have made possible advanced studies in the fields of history, psychology, education, and atomic energy. At presents Stanford is carrying out an ambitious building program, financed in part by the Ford Foundations 25 million grant. Recently added to the campus are a new physics building, new school of business, new graduate school of law, new student union, and undergraduate library.23 Paragraph 2 _24 Paragraph 3 _25 Paragraph 4 _26 Paragraph 5 _A Colorful life on the campusB Intelligent student bodyC School administrationD Distinguished facultyE Substantial financial supportF The Harvard of the West27 Those high school graduates who can enter Stanford University _28 Many professors like to teach in this university partly because here _29 On the faculty of the university there are _30 Financial support from both private organizations and the government has made possible _A they can find the best studentsB the universitys academic advancement and physical extensionC some of the most distinguished scholars of the worldD where a sports meet is held every yearE must have been the top students in their classF must be hardworkingExercise Four Caring for the Old1 The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of lifes responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of US well into our later years.NextPage2 Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict US in earlier life fall away.3 But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any oth-er time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young.4 It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death of the fear of becoming dependent.5 Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must he weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources.6 The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with the system by the time they reach old age.7 Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflection of our own thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we know what they want, we absolve ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life.8 We sometimes assume, wrongly that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying person and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. Protecting the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed.1 Paragraph l _2 Paragraph 2 _A Knowing better how to enjoy lifeB Freedom in expressionC Psychotherapy effective with some of the oldD Period of greater emotional distressE Dependency: a grim choiceF Guiltless dependency3 Paragraph 3 _4 Paragraph 5 _Exercise Six Mental Health1 Mentally healthy people experience a high level of self-esteem and find social interaction to be comfortable and rewarding. A sense of self-esteem is inseparable from emotional health, but we must caution that you cannot expect to feel personally fulfilled by everything. Additionally, a sense of self esteem is not always enough to completely offset the health problems that can afflict us.NextPage2 We define a mentally healthy person as one who is capable of using resources from dimensions of health of feel good about life and other people. A more specific yardstick for measuring mental health comes from the National Mental Health Association, which describes mentally healthy people as those who.3 Feel comfortable about themselves. They are not overwhelmed by their own feelings, and can accept many of lifes disappointments. They experience all of the human emotions (for ex-ample, fear, anger, love, jealousy, guilt, joy) but are not overcome by them.4 Feel right about other people. They feel comfortable with others and are able to give and receive love. They are concerned about the well-being of other people and have relationships that are satisfying and lasting.5 Are able to meet the demands of life. Mentally healthy people respond to their problems, accept responsibility, plan ahead without fearing the future, and are able to establish reachable goals.6 We do not wish to give a perfect view of mentally healthy people. At times, mentally healthy people experience stress, frustrations, and feelings of self-doubt, failure, and rejection. What distinguishes the mentally healthy is their resilience-their ability to recapture their sense of emotional will within a reasonable time. Emotional and psychological health.7 Is there a difference between emotional and psychological health? Many people believe that there is little real difference between the terms. Rather, there is only the absence of mental ill-ness and psychopathology.8 People who believe that a difference exists would describe that difference on the basis of the focused nature of emotional health and the most global nature of psychological health. To these persons, emotional health relates to the specific responses of individuals to changing situations within their environment. These responses are subjective in origin and reflect the value orientation of the person. Defense mechanisms are routinely used to soften the more painful and less acceptable of these feelings. Indeed, responses to change reflecting a sense of joy, anger, compassion, sympathy, empathy, frustration, and disappointment are familiar healthy emo-tions. Emotionally healthy people feel good about their responses to change, while those who are negative about their own feelings and their responses to change are less emotionally healthy.9 In comparison to emotional health, psychological health relates to the positive and function-al unfolding of the wide range of psychic traits, including the development of language, memo-ry, perceptual processes, awareness states, and the psychophysical interfacing of the mind and body. Psychologically healthy persons deal rationally with the world, display a fully functional personality, and resolve conflict in a nondestructive manner. Psychologically healthy people use more aspects of the psyche than their feeling states.NextPage1 Paragraph 1 _2 Paragraph 2 _3 Paragraph 5 _4 Paragraph 8 _A Traits of mentally healthy peopleB Comp