New长难句收集.doc

New 96句长难句分类收集(from OG 23 + GWD 73)快速理解长难句的能力，贯穿整个GMAT考试, 无论数学，语法，阅读，还是综合推理。如果你不能够快速的看懂句子，那么你就没有办法理解题意，那你就没有办法正确解题！长难句能力培养，推荐杨鹏长难句(GRE & GMAT), GMAT前期每天利用两个小时分析和熟悉10-15句长难句的句型和结构分析。对于长难句，第一步是培养自己快速识别句子主干的能力，第二步才是句意的理解。因为只有在正确识别句子主干以后，你才有可能明白其他修饰成分修饰的对象，进而正确理解句子意思。以下是我花费3天时间，过滤了所有OG和GWD阅读文章收集的长难句，试着按照我所说的步骤去分析这些句子，摒除要翻译句子才能理解意思的意识。长难句(from OG)1. (经济)Because large advertising expenditures represent a significant investment on the part of a manufacturer, only companies that expect to recoup these costs in the long run, through consumers repeat purchases of the product, can afford to spend such amounts.主干: 黄底色； 修饰成分: because原因状语从句， that 定语从句，定语重句中插入语in the long run本来应该置于through之后，但是由于through 过长，把时间状语提前。2. (经济)However, two studies by Kirmani have found that although consumers initially perceive expensive advertising as a signal of high brand quality, at some level of spending the manufacturers advertising effort may be perceived as unreasonably high, implying low manufacturer confidence in product quality.3. (人文) Given the precarious finances of working-class families and the necessity of pooling the wages of as many family members as possible, working-class families viewed the passage and enforcement of stringent child labor statutes as a personal economic disaster and made strenuous efforts to circumvent child labor laws. 4. (经济)Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions.5. (生物) Because the vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same regardless of their orientation in space, provided they remain in the ocean.6. (科技) Even a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy.7. (生物)That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations. 主从 宾语从句, suggest that +动词原形8. (人文) Thus a woman who views the Second World War as pivotal in increasing the social acceptance of womens paid work outside the home may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of womens participation in such work. 长定从 view as 原因状语 9. (经济) Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilitiesthat is, on tangible capitalbut realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamworkthat is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.10. (经济)Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements.11. (经济)Government policymakers should consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference. (多个平行结构)12. (经济)Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental managers of most corporations is the belief that environmental regulations affect all competitors in a given industry uniformly. 倒装13. (经济) Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.倒装14. (科技)The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. 同位语从句15. (人文)This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. 同位语从句16. (人文) Lebsock, meanwhile, attempts not only to write the history of women in one southern community, but also to redirect two decades of historiographical debate as to whether women gained or lost status in the nineteenth century as compared with the eighteenth century. 平行结构(GMAT 特点，SC和RC都很多各种平行结构)17. (生物)Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study.18. (生物)Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatments efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups.19. (人文)Although the Womens Industrial Defence Committee (WIDC), formed in 1892 in response to earlier legislative attempts to restrict womens labor, did not discount the white lead trades potential health dangers, it opposed the proposal, viewing it as yet another instance of limiting womens work opportunities.从句中夹插入修饰成分。20. (生物) Keystone status appears to depend on context, whether of particular geography or of such factors as community diversity (for example, a reduction in species diversity may thrust more of the remaining species into keystone roles) and length of species interaction (since newly arrived species in particular may dramatically affect ecosystems). 跳过插入语理解句子意思21. (人文) Jon Clarks study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism. 复杂修饰成分22. (人文) In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, more than ten percent of the black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918.23. (人文)Wages in the South, however, were low, and black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. 插入成分长难句(from GWD)经济类句子：(27篇)1. With “indirect” purchases (such as computers, advertising, and legal services), which are not directly related to production, corporations often favor “supplier partnerships”(arrangements in which the purchaser forgoes the right to pursue alternative suppliers), which can inappropriately shelter suppliers from rigorous competitive scrutiny that might afford the purchaser economic leverage.2. There are two independent variablesavailability of alternatives and ease of changing suppliersthat companies should use to evaluate the feasibility of subjecting suppliers of indirect purchases to competitive scrutiny. “ 解释说明左右，subject to 使 经受3. In particular, top management decision-sharingconsensus-oriented, team-based decision-makingmay increase the likelihood that firms will adhere to their plans, because those involved in the decision-making may be more committed to the chosen course of action, thereby increasing the likelihood that organizations will subsequently adhere to their plans.4. This perception can be explained by the fact that business students, hoping to increase their attractiveness to prospective employers, are highly sensitive to business norms and practices, and current business practices have generally been moving away from an emphasis on understanding human behavior and toward more mechanistic organizational models. 5. Yet by focusing solely on aggregate economic growth data as the measure of Thailands development, these researchers have overlooked the economic impact of rural development projects that improve peoples daily lives at the village levelsuch as the cooperative raising of water buffalo, improved sanitation, and the development of food crops both for consumption and for sale at local markets; such projects are not adequately reflected in the countrys GDP.6. Yet as Ann Kellehers two recent case studies of the Thai villages Non Muang and Dong Keng illustrate, the nontechnological-versus-technological dichotomy can lead researchers not only to overlook real advances achieved by rural development projects but also mistakenly to conclude that because such advances are initiated by rural leaders and are based on traditional values and practices, they retard “real” economic development.7. This decline in quality may be related to changes in the way semiconductor firms managed their patenting process: rather than patenting to win exclusive rights to a valuable new technology, patents were filed more for strategic purposes, to be used as bargaining chips to ward off infringement suits or a means to block competitors products.8. A survivor of the changes that swept the travel industry as a result of the deregulation of the airlines in 1978changes that included dramatic growth in the corporate demand for travel services, as well as extensive restructuring and consolidation within the travel industrythis agency adopted a unique structure for globalization.9. Rather than expand by attempting to develop its own offices abroad, which would require the development of local travel management expertise sufficient to capture foreign markets, the company solved its globalization dilemma effectively by forging alliances with the best foreign partners it could find.10. Unfortunately, because this approach fails to deal with the underlying causes of inflation, wage and price controls eventually collapse, the hitherto-repressed inflation resurfaces, and in the meantime, though the policy-makers succeed in avoiding a recession, a frozen structure of relative prices imposes distortions that do damage to the economys prospects for long-term growth.11. The orthodox answer is “no”. Whether they support the “inertia” theory of inflation(that todays inflation rate is caused by yesterdays inflation, the state of the economic cycle, and external influences such as import prices) or the “rational expectations” theory (that inflation is caused by workers and employers expectations, coupled with a lack of credible monetary and fiscal policies), most economists agree that tight monetary and fiscal policies, which cause recessions, are necessary to decelerate inflation.12. Not only do Japanese firms appear to conduct a far smaller proportion of their business through strategic partnerships than is commonly believed, but they also make extensive use of “market-exchange” relationships, in which either party can turn to the marketplace and shift to different business partners at will, a practice usually associated with Western manufacturers.13. The increased incidence in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has enabled companies to produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods.14. Too many corporate boards fail in their two crucial responsibilities of overseeing long-term company strategy and of selecting evaluating, and determining appropriate compensation of top management.15. For example a boards compensation committee can, by carefully proportioning straight salary and such short-term and long-term incentives as stock options, encourage top management to pursue a responsible strategy.16. Acquisitions may well have the desirable effect of channeling a nations resources efficiently from less to more efficient sectors of its economy, but the individual acquisitions executives arranging these deals must see them as advancing either their own or their companies private economic interests. 17. In “No More NICs,” Robin Broad and John Cavanagh search for the reasons behind these failures, identifying far-reaching changes in the global economyfrom synthetic substitutes for commodity exports to unsustainable levels of foreign debtas responsible for a glut economy offering little room for new entrants.18. The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price, and that these goods and services add to the national well-being, not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought.19. It is therefore not merely coincidental, since national policies in capitalist and non-capitalist countries alike are dependent on indicators such as the GDP, that both the environment and the social structure have been eroded in recent decades.20. Not only does the GDP mask this erosion, it can actually portray it as an economic gain: an oil spill off a coastal region “adds” to the GDP because it generates commercial activity. 倒装21. For example, United States companies invest at a low rate in internal development projects, such as improving supplier relations, that do not offer immediate profit, and systematically invest at a high rate in external projects, such as corporate takeovers, that yield immediate profit. 22. Writing in the early twentieth century, Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by farmers and small producers against large capitalists in the late nineteenth century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism throughout American history.生物类句子：(18)23. Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear (if the fish there disappear).24. Recently biologists have been interested in a tide-associated periodic behavior displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a microscopic golden-brown alga that inhabits that portion of a shoreline washed by tides (the intertidal zone).25. This indicates that commuter diatoms, rather than relying on environmental cues to keep time, possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock that enables them to anticipate periodic changes in the environment.26. Aspens need for fire may seem illogical since aspens are particularly vulnerable to fires; whereas the bark of most trees consists of dead cells, the aspens bark is a living, functioning tissue thatalong with the rest of the treesuccumbs quickly to fire. 27. If a clone loses many stems simultaneously, the resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a huge increase in new, rapidly growing shoots that can outnumber the ones destroyed. 28. According to a theory advanced by researcher Paul Martin, the wave of species extinctions that occurred in North America about 11,000 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era, can be directly attributed to the arrival of humans, i.e., the Paleoindians, who were ancestors of modern Native Americans. 29. Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption. 倒装30. Furthermore, the daily movements of sloth bears and American black bears which are similar in size to sloth bears and have similar-sized home ranges reveal similar travel rates and distances, suggesting that if black bear cubs are able to keep up with their mother, so too should sloth bear cubs. 31. Grasslands support high densities of tigers, which fight and sometimes kill sloth bears; sloth bears also coexist with and have been killed by tree-climbing leopards, and are often confronted and chased by rhinoceroses and elephants, which can topple trees.32. The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacitythe ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in ones own mindas distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.33. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses are hypothesized to be the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera in part because the viruses themselves follow an infectious cycle in which, if protected from direct sun light, they may remain virulent for many years in the environment, embedded in durable crystals of polyhedrin protein.34. A small number of the forest species of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies, which exist as caterpillars during most of their life cycle) exhibit regularly recurring patterns of population growth and declinesuch fluctuations in population are known as population cycles.35. The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has been unproductive in the case of lepidoptera.36. The paucity of known extinctions of disruptions resulting from indirect interactions may reflect not the infrequency of such mishaps but rather the failure to look for or to detect them: most organisms likely to be adversely affected by indirect interactions are of little or no known commercial value and the events linking a biocontrol agent with an adverse effect are often unclear.37. Moreover, determining the potential risks of biocont