2016中考英语阅读理解学案.doc

阅读理解学案20112015年河南中考考情一览表考情解读：阅读理解题是中考必考的重点题型之一，共40分，20个小题。体裁主要是记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文。前三篇是选择型阅读，第四篇是任务型阅读，设题形式包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、标题概括题、数字计算题和句子还原题。其中细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、标题概括题和句子还原题是近5年的必考考点。预计2016年阅读理解题的题型和体裁变化不大，选材上会更加注重时代性，更具生活气息。 2.方法指导阅读理解题的解题步骤：1. 先读题。首先浏览题目，带着问题去阅读文章。2. 通读全文，掌握文章大意。学生应该掌握整篇文章的主旨 大意，然后带着问题去找答案。做题要有根据，不要脱离 文章，更不能主观臆测。3. 再读文章，检查答案。在时间充足的情况下，逐一检查答案是否有误，在更改答案时一定要找到依据，不要随意更 改。解答阅读理解题的几种技巧：1. 细节理解题利用题目的关键词，找到文中相对应的 词、短语或句子，根据文中确定的细节和事实排除干扰 项，找出正确答案。解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式1）Which of the following statement is true?2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?3)According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?例题: 1,3 “Mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱). Come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. Mary wanted to go outside and play. “Ill clean it up later, Mum.” “Oh no , you wont. Ive been asking you for days,” her mum said . Mary went into her bedroom. She put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .Mum, Im going outside to Play now .” She ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .A small butterfly flew over and landed on Marys hand .”Youre a pretty little butterfly ,”May said ,”Does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?” “What if I left my rubbish all didnt keep the garden clean and tidy ?Would you have a nice Place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly . “Id not be happy if I came out to see rubbish here and there ,”Mary said . “Everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away . Mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”Ill keep my room clean from now on ,Mum .Ive got to do my part .”And she did just that .Which is the correct order for the following to takeplace in the story ? （细节题）A、 Mary played in the back garden B、 Mary promised to keep her room clean C、 Mum asked Mary to clean up her room D、 A butterfly flew over and talker with Mary E、 Mary cleaned up her room A. a, c, d, b, e B. c, a, d, b, e C. c, e, a, d, b D. a, d, b, c, e 2. 推理判断题在文章中找出据以推断的文字，或根据文章的背景、人物的感情色彩以及文章的基调来推断，不要 随意发挥。推理判断题：着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。推理判断型常见的命题方式有：1. The passage implies (暗示) that_.2. We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that_.3. Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?4. What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?5. The passage is intended to _.6. We can learn from this passage that_7. We can conclude from the passage that_8. It can be seen from the passage that_例题: Passage 1,3 “Mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱). Come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. Mary wanted to go outside and play. “Ill clean it up later, Mum.” “Oh no , you wont. Ive been asking you for days,” her mum said . Mary went into her bedroom. She put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .Mum, Im going outside to Play now .” She ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .A small butterfly flew over and landed on Marys hand .”Youre a pretty little butterfly ,”Mary said ,”Does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?” “What if I left my rubbish all and didnt keep the garden clean and tidy ?Would you have a nice Place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly . “Id not be happy if I came out to see rubbish here and there ,”Mary said . “Everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away . Mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”Ill keep my room clean from now on ,Mum .Ive got to do my part .”And she did just that .Q: It can be inferred (推测) from the story that （推理判断题） A. Mum asked the butterfly to teach Mary B. the butterfly always Picked up the rubbish left by Mary C. Marys back garden was clean and tidy D. Mary played with the butterfly every day 3. 词义猜测题要仔细理解生词前后的关键词语或句子，利用同位语、同义词法、构词法和释义法等进行推测。(一)根据生活常识猜测词义 Children are always boasting.They say things like“My Dads car is bigger than your Dads，”“My Mom is smarter than yours.”and“My family has more money than yours.”The word“boasting” means _B_A.骄傲 B.吹牛 C.顽皮 D.幼稚 Many plants and animals are going extinct.Mammoths，which are related(有关联的) with Asia elephants，are now extinct.There are no mammoths in the world today.1.A mammoth is a kind of _C_.A.plant B.bird C.animal D.tree2.The word extinct means _C_A.出现 B.危险 C.灭绝 Usually people make dumplings at home.If you have no time to make them，you can buy them from any supermarket. Then you take them home and eat them with vinegar.The wor d“vinegar” means 醋 Water is made from oxygen and hydrogen.The words“oxygen and hydrogen” mean 氢和氧 (二)根据上下文的意思来猜测 1.Some people like to walk quickly home after work，but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way.(溜达)2.She is usually prompt for all her classes，but today she arrives quite late.(准时的)3.The door is so low that I hit my head on the lintel.(门梁)(三)根据转折、因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如： You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。 (四)通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happya nd gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。 (五)通过构词法猜词v 在阅读文章时，总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，如前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等;后缀-ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等;后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词;如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，sci-ence、scientist，art、artist等，这些问题便不难解决了。bi 表示两、重 如：bicycle 自行车 bigamy 重婚v dis 表示分开 如：disarm 裁军 dislike 讨厌v re 表示回、重新 如： review 复习 reaction 反应v un 表示不、非 如：unhappy 不快乐的 unbalance 失去平衡v er 表示人、物 如：teacher 老师 cooker 厨具v able 表示可能的 如： movable 可移动的 passable 可通行的v ful 表示充满 如： beautiful 美丽的 useful 有用的v or 表示人、物 如：actor 男演员 mirror 镜子v ist 表示人 如:copyist 抄写员 socialist 社会主义者v ment 表示行为 如：enjoyment 娱乐 movement 运动v ing 表示令人 如：exciting 令人兴奋的 interesting 令人有兴趣的v ed 表示感到 如：excited 感到兴奋的 interested 感到有兴趣的v less 表示没有的 如： resistless 不抵抗的 homeless 无家可归的v ly 副词后缀 如：gently 轻轻地 intently 专心地v tion 名词后缀 如：graduation 毕业 relation 亲属 (六)通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为“久旱”，“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。 (七)通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。 (八)通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。4. 主旨大意题读首尾段，注意文中出现频率较高的单词，正确答案往往是概括全面、含义深刻或说明道理的。1.干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节2干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论3.干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。 (正确)是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的,但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。提问: 1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Whats the main idea of this text?3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?5) The main idea of the passage is6)Whats the best title for this passage? 例题:Passage 1,3 “Mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱). Come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. Mary wanted to go outside and play. “Ill clean it up later, Mum.” “Oh no , you wont. Ive been asking you for days,” her mum said . Mary went into her bedroom. She put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .Mum, Im going outside to Play now .” She ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .A small butterfly flew over and landed on Marys hand .”Youre a pretty little butterfly ,”May said ,”Does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?” “What if I left my rubbish all didnt keep the garden clean and tidy ?Would you have a nice Place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly . “Id not be happy if I came out to see rubbish here and there ,”Mary said . “Everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away .Mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”Ill keep my room clean from now on ,Mum .Ive got to do my part .”And she did just that . Question: What is the main idea of the story ? （主旨大意题） A. A butterfly is kids best friend B. Everyone should keep their rooms clean C. Everybody has to do their part D. A butterfly is a better teacher than a mother 5. 标题概括题理解全文，明白文章在讲什么，比较问题的四个选项，与文章关联大、概括全面或者画龙点睛 的标题才符合题意。6. 数字计算题仔细阅读短文，弄清数据之间、数据与文中其他信息之间的逻辑关系，然后做简单计算。7. 句子还原题要了解上下文之间的联系或语境，按照实际反映情况进行选择，可以将选项逐一放入文中比较，选出最佳选项。考试说明对于中学生读的能力要求如下：能理解故事情节和事件发展顺序以及段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系。此处所指各句子之间的逻辑关系，可分为：平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。一、平列关系平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并立的地位，互不相属，只是组合起来，共同说明一个话题。按平列关系组织起来的句群，在次序上并不固定，如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意义。表达平列关系的常用连词和副词有and, at the same time等。 二、顺序关系顺序关系指构成语段的各个句子只能按事物的发展过程由先而后地顺序排列，不可以随便改动次序。按这种关系组织起来的句群通常表达一个过程的时间顺序或者描述固定的操作程序等。表达顺序关系的常用连词和副词有：first, second, third (或firstly, secondly, thirdly), and, then, after that, afterwards, thereafter, finally等。 三、层递关系层递关系也是一种固定的顺序关系。所不同的是按这种关系组织起来的句群是按语义的轻重、认识的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。表达层递关系的常用连词和副词有：above all, whats more, moreover, besides, in addition等。 四、转折关系转折关系指句与句之间存在着意义的转折。按这种关系组织起来的句群通常表达“对比”、“对照”的意思。表达转折关系的常用连词和副词有：but, however, yet, while等。 五、总分关系总分关系指前边的句子陈述两个或两个以上的情况，后边的句子紧接着分别对它们加以说明。用这种方式组织起来的句群能够前后呼应，条分缕析。 六、解释关系解释关系指后面的句子是对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证，使意义更加明了、具体。表达解释关系的常用连词和副词有：because, as, for, since等。 七、因果关系因果关系是一种特殊的解释关系，但不能反过来说，解释关系都是因果关系。按因果关系组成的句群有两种排列方式：一种是从因到果。另一种是从果到因。表达因果关系的常用连词和副词有： thats why, so, so that, as a result等。-阅读技巧 要快速浏览全文，掌握主旨和大意，特别注意文章的主题句，理出作者的写作思路。(What is the idea?What are facts?)要尽快浏览课文后的思考题，尽量带着问题读;完成事实细节题时，要找到定位句;要把有关WHO，WHAT，WHERE，HOW和WHY等方面内容用笔圈画出来。 遇到推理判断题时，要注意作者的态度和命题人的意图，不可从个人的经验出发。强化练习:AEveryone wants to have good health. As a popular saying goes, “Health is better than wealth.” Good health lets a person enjoy his life and get what he hopes for in his job. _1_. So health is necessary to ones life happiness. There are many ways to help us build up our health.Firstly, we should keep a balanced diet. Too much meat and junk food are bad for our health. _2_.According to doctors advice, we can have some bread, milk, an egg and enough fruit in the morning. For lunch, we can eat rice, vegetables, fruits and some fish or meat. In the evening, we can have some porridge with green beans, some vegetables and meat as well._3_. We should plan our physical exercise according to our age and our physical condition. For example, the young can do sports like soccer and basketball, while Tai Ji Quan for the old. By doing exercise, students can stay away from diseases and study with more efficiency (效率).Finally, it is clear that good health is connected to our spirits. We can overcome all kinds of difficulties and keep fit by holding a positive (积极的) attitude towards life. On one hand, some students go on working hard though they fail in exams sometimes. In the end, they get good marks because they think they can make it and never give up. _4_.All in all, having a balanced diet, taking exercise every day, and having a positive attitude towards life can help us get good health.A. Secondly, exercising every day is also necessary for us to stay healthy.B. So we should eat more vegetables and fruits.C. On the other hand, other students may think that they can not do well in exams, so they decide to give up.D. However, poor health may make a person lose his interest in the things around him.E. Morning exercise does you a lot of good.1. _ 2. _ 3._ 4. _BWhen I was small, I was kind of shy. Fortunately, I changed a lot by junior high. Shyness gets in the way of success, but it doesnt have to hold you back. Here are some tips that may help you overcome it._1_ The excitement of being lost at something that you love can help you forget your nervousness while showing off in public.Next, why not get more chances to speak in public? For me, when I got to high school, I took speech classes. _2_.Then, dont think about what will happen. Its possible that you might be laughed at when speaking. _3_ What really happens is better than what we imagine.Finally, remember past successes. Whether it is making a successful speech, remembering past successes can help inspire you to get future success. _4_. If you succeeded in the past, then you can succeed again!Its actually natural to be a little bit nervous about meeting new people, making cold calls, or giving a speech. That nervousness doesnt have to keep you from succeeding, though.A. First of all, youd better concentrate on what you enjoy.B. These successes are “proof” that you can do it.C. I still feel a little uncomfortable when I realize.D. However, others may not even notice your mistake.E. I could even take part in speaking competitions.1._ 2._ 3._ 4._CWhen I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings. Sometimes she said I was lazy. _1_. Sometimes she said I talked too much, and so on. I tried to put up with her as long as I could. _2_ I ran to my father with tears in my eyes.He listened to me quietly, and then he asked, “Are the things she said true or not? Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true. Pay no attention to the other things she said.”I did as he told me. _3_. I brought the list back to my dad. He refused to take it. “Thats just for you,” he said. “When something said about you is true, youll find it will be helpful to you. Listen to them all, but hear the truth and do what you think is right.”_4_. The situation often appears in my mind. In our life we often meet with some trouble and we often go to someone and ask for advice. For some advice you will treasure（珍惜）all you life!A. To my surprise, I discovered that about half the things were true.B. Many years have passed.C. At last, I became very angry.D. I didnt like her at all.E. Sometimes she said I wasnt a good student.1._ 2._ 3._ 4. _DWhenever the sun dropped and the blue sky came up, my father and I used to climb the mountain near my house. Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences. He always told me, “_1_.” I really got a lot from mountain-climbing. It gave me time to talk with my father and to be in deep thought as well as develop my patience.Once we climbed a very high mountain. _2_. During the first few hours of climbing, I enjoyed the flowers and trees, and the birds singing, but as time passed, I got a pain in both of my legs. I wanted to give up climbing. In fact, I hated it at that moment, but my father said to me,” You can always see a beautiful sky at the top of the mountain, but you cant see before you reach the top. _3_”. At that time, I was too young to understand his word._4_.A. But later after that, I got new hope and confidence.B. It was so challenging for me because I was only ten years old.C. Only there at the top, can you see all of the nice things, just like in life.D. Climbing mountains was hard for me.E. You should have goals like climbing the mountain.1._ 2._ 3._ 4._EThe Secrets of happinessMost people want to be happy, but few know how to find happiness. Money and success alone do not bring lasting happiness. Happiness depends on ourselves. In other words, we make our own happiness. Here are a few suggestions to help you be happier._1_ Too often, we spend so much time thinking about the future for example, getting into college or getting a good job that we fail to enjoy the present. You should enjoy lifes simple pleasures, such as reading a good book, listening to your favorite music, or spending time with close friends. _2_.Another secret to leading a happy life is to be active, and have hobbies where you forget your problems. Many people experience this dancing, or playing a sport, such as skating or soccer._3_.Finally, many people find h