英文交通词汇与术语释义.doc

英文交通词汇与术语释义目录A1Arterial1Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI)1Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)1Average Daily Traffic1Average Weekday Daily Traffic (AWDT)1B2Benefit/Cost (B/C) ratio2Bottleneck2C2Capacity2Categorical Exclusion2Central Business District (CBD)3Changeable Message Sign (CMS)3Collector Distributor (CD)3Commuter Rail (CR)4Congestion/Demand Management (CDM)4Congestion Management System (CMS)4Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) improvement program4Congestion Pricing4Control of Access (COA)5Critical Movement Analysis (CMA)5D5Design Hour Volume (DHV)5Directional Design Hour Volume (DDHV)5Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)5E6Environmental Assessment (EA)6Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)6Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)6Expressway6F6Feasibility Study6Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)7Federal Transit Administration (FTA)7Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)7Flexible Operational Capability7Freeway7Frontage road7G8Grade8Grade Separation8H8High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)8High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane8High Speed Rail8Highway Advisory Radio (HAR)9Hourly Volume (HV)9I9Incident9Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)9Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS)9Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)9Intermodal Transportation10Intermodalism10K10K-Factor10L11Level Of Service (LOS)11Light Rail Transit (LRT) or Light Rail11M11Major Investment Study (MIS)11Measures Of Effectiveness (MOE)11Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)12N12National Highway System (NHS)12National Transportation System (NTS)12Non-attainment areas12North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)13Notice Of Intent (NOI)13P13Park and Pool (P&P)13Park and Ride (P&R)13Peak Hour Factor (PHF)13Peak Hour Traffic (PHT)13Person Trip13Program14R14Record Of Decision (ROD)14Right Of Way (ROW)14S14Single-Occupant Vehicle (SOV)14Social, Economic and Environmental (SEE)14Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP)15Statewide Transportation Plan (STP)15Surface Transportation Program (STP)15Surface Transportation Program Category 4C for Urban Mobility/Rehabilitation (STP4C)15T15Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT)15Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission (TNRCC)16Transportation Demand Management (TDM)16Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)16Transportation Management Area (TMA)16Transportation Strategy17Transportation System Management (TSM)17Transportation Systems Management (TSM)17U17Unified Transportation Program (UTP)17V18Vehicle Mile of Travel (VMT)18Vehicles Per Day (VPD)18Vehicles Per Hour (VPH)18Volume-to-Capacity ratio (V/C)18W18Weaving Area18TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS18Software for Traffic Simulation and Analysis1920 / 24英文交通词汇与术语释义AArterial A major thoroughfare. Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) system or Automatic Vehicle Monitoring System or Automatic Vehicle Location System. A system in which electronic equipment on a vehicle sends signals back to a central control facility, locating the vehicle and providing other information about its operations or about its mechanical condition. AVI is also referred to as Automatic Vehicle Monitoring System and Automatic Vehicle Location System. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) The total traffic for a year divided by 365. Average Daily Traffic is defined as the total traffic volume during a given period (from 1 to 364 days) divided by the number of days in that period. Current ADT volumes can be determined by continuous traffic counts or periodic counts. Where only periodic traffic counts are taken, ADT volume can be established by applying correction factors such as for season or day of week. For roadways having traffic in two directions, the ADT includes traffic in both directions unless specified otherwise. Average Weekday Daily Traffic (AWDT) The total traffic for an average weekday. An average weekday is a representative weekday computed as the mathematical average of several typical weekdays selected at random throughout the year. A typical weekday has no anomaly such as heavy traffic due to a special public event or light traffic due to inclement weather. Average Saturday and Sunday data, including holiday service, are determined the same way. BBenefit/Cost (B/C) ratio B/C is used to compare the benefit versus the cost of proposed alternatives. For highway projects, benefits may include reduced fuel consumption, travel time, and air pollution; costs may include construction, right of way, and maintenance. Bottleneck Highway sections that experience operational problems such as congestion. Bottlenecks may result from factors other than reduced roadway width. For example, the close spacing of exit and entrance ramps can cause weaving patterns that result in congestion. A less obvious example is a steep freeway grade that can slow trucks and cause a localized bottleneck. CCapital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO) (formerly ATS) CAMPO is the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for the Austin area. Capacity Capacity refers to a rate of vehicular or person flow that can be expected to traverse a point or uniform section of a lane or roadway during a specific period, which is most often a peak 15-minute period, and which is not the maximum volume that can be accommodated during an hour, under prevailing roadway, traffic, and control conditions. Capacity and Level of Service (LOS) are analyzed separately and are not simply related to each other; both must be fully considered to evaluate the overall operation of a facility. Capacity analysis may be used in the computation of Volume-to-Capacity (V/C) ratios. In some cases, the V/C ratio is used to define LOS. Categorical Exclusion Examples of categorical exclusions are actions which, based on past experience with similar actions, do not involve significant environmental impacts. They are actions which do not do any of the following: induce significant impacts to planned growth or land use for the area; require the relocation of significant numbers of people; have a significant impact on any natural, cultural, recreational, historic or other resource; involve significant air, noise, or water quality impacts; have significant impacts on travel patterns; or otherwise, either individually or cumulatively, have any significant environmental impacts. Central Business District (CBD) The downtown retail trade and commercial area of a city or an area having high land values, traffic flow, and concentration of retail business offices, entertainment, lodging, and services. Changeable Message Sign (CMS) A CMS is used to advise drivers of traffic or roadway conditions ahead and, in some cases, recommend alternate routes. The CMS also reduces driver frustration by providing advance warning. A CMS is also referred to as a Variable Message Sign (VMS). Collector Distributor (CD) A CD freeway system separates local and through traffic by use of CD roadways and through roadways (main lanes or core roadway). The CD roadway is located between the main lanes and a frontage road or local street system. On the main lanes, traffic flow is improved since weaving is eliminated and access points are reduced; the CD roadway provides needed freeway access points. A CD roadway is different from a frontage road because access to adjacent properties is not permitted. A CD roadway can complement an existing frontage road system by inclusion of ramps connecting the CD roadway to the frontage road; the frontage road is then better able to handle traffic accessing adjacent properties. For traffic traveling between a freeway system and more distant points, direct connect ramps can be used to directly connect the CD roadway to major thoroughfares (leading to major traffic generation areas) and, thereby, bypass frontage roads or local streets adjacent to the freeway. This CD roadway and direct connect ramp arrangement eliminates merging and weaving movements that would otherwise occur between the freeway, frontage road, and local roads. During peak traffic, this arrangement can provide the added benefit of keeping open those sections of freeway lanes approaching exit ramps since greater storage length for exiting traffic queues (lines of vehicles waiting their turn) is made; increased queue storage is made by the greater length of the direct connect ramps, the reduction of turbulence in the queue (no access to adjacent property), and the relocation of the queue away from, instead of parallel with the freeway. A CD system with direct connect ramps can promote intermodalism since it provides for easier movement of transit vehicles like buses. Buses can easily travel directly between the CD roadway and local streets without having to merge and weave on and off of frontage roads. The CD roadways operating speed is generally lower than the main lanes since the CD roadway has more entrance and exit areas. It is worth noting that a freeways optimal traffic carrying capacity occurs at around 45 mph. Because of this lower operating speed, the CD roadway may be designed with a lower design speed which allows for more flexible design. In general, a freeway system with high traffic volumes, in a city-type area, can have its overall traffic carrying capacity and flow operations improved by use of a CD system. CD systems are currently in operation in several cities across the nation. Commuter Rail (CR) Commuter Rail is urban passenger train service for short distance (local) travel between a central city and adjacent suburbs and long haul (regional) passenger service between cities. It does not include heavy rail service or light rail service (serving longer distances). Commuter rail service may be either locomotive-hauled or self-propelled, and is characterized by reduced fare multi-trip tickets, specific station-to-station fares, railroad employment practices, and usually only one or two stations in the central business district. Also known as suburban rail. It may cross the geographical boundaries of a state. Congestion/Demand Management (CDM) See Transportation Demand Management and Congestion Management System . Congestion Management System (CMS) A systematic process which provides information on transportation system performance and alternative strategies to alleviate congestion and enhance the mobility of persons and goods. A CMS includes methods to monitor and evaluate performance, identify alternative actions, access and implement cost-effective actions, and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented actions. Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) improvement program A special provision of the ISTEA that directs funds towards projects in Clean Air Act Non-Attainment areas for ozone and carbon monoxide. Congestion Pricing The policy of charging drivers a fee that varies with the level of traffic on a congested roadway. Congestion pricing is designed to allocate roadway space in a more efficient manner. Congestion pricing is also known as relief tolling, variable pricing, and road pricing. Control of Access (COA) This is also referred to as access control. COA is the regulated limitation of access and is achieved by regulation of public access rights into (ingress) and out of (egress) properties abutting a roadway. There are two types: full control of access and partial control of access. Also, there are driveway and approach control regulations. On a roadway with full COA, preference is given to the movement of through traffic by providing access connections only with selected public roads, by prohibiting crossings at the same grade, and by prohibiting direct private driveway connections. On a roadway with partial COA, preference is given to through traffic; however there may be access connections with selected public roads, crossings at the same grade, and private driveway connections. Full or partial access control is usually accomplished by legally obtaining right-of-access from the abutting property owners or by the use of frontage roads. Critical Movement Analysis (CMA) For signalized intersections, CMA focuses on lane groups or movements which control signal requirements. CMA focuses on the identification and provision of capacity for such flows called critical movements. CMA is also used in capacity analysis. DDesign Hour Volume (DHV) Typically, the DHV is the thirtieth highest hourly traffic volume for the design year, commonly twenty years from the time of construction. The DHV is given in units of vehicles per hour. Directional Design Hour Volume (DDHV) Typically, the DDHV is the thirtieth highest hourly traffic volume in one direction for the design year, commonly twenty years from the time of construction. DDHV is given in units of vehicles per hour. Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) An environmental document that is prepared when it is initially determined that the action/project may cause significant impacts to the environment, when environmental studies and early coordination indicate significant impacts, or when review of the environmental assessment indicates that the impacts anticipated to result from the project may be significant. The DEIS compares all reasonable alternatives to the proposed project and summarizes the studies, reviews, consultations, and coordination required by legislation and Executive Orders to the extent appropriate at the draft stage in the environmental process. This document lists all entities from which comments are being requested. EEnvironmental Assessment (EA) A document that assesses an action that is not a categorical exclusion and does not clearly require the preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS), or where the Federal Highway Administration believes an environmental assessment would assist in determining the need for an EIS. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) An environmental document that is required when an action that will significantly affect the environment. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A Federal agency charged with protecting the natural resources on the nation. Expressway An expressway is a divided highway facility usually having two or more lanes for the exclusive use of traffic in each direction and partial control of access (as opposed to a freeway which has full control of access). FFeasibility Study A study about a projects feasibility which is summarized in a document. The study addresses issues including the projects benefits, costs, effectiveness, alternatives considered, analysis of alternative selection, environmental effects, public opinions, and other factors. The feasibility study for major projects involving Federal funds was replaced under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act by the Major Investment Study. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) The federal agency responsible for the administration of federal highway funds. FHWA does not have a direct role or responsibilities in the development of urban transportation plans or their development. However, their role is administration of federal funds and in the issuance of policy and procedure timetables for implementation of federal legislative directives is immense. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) The FTA was formerly as the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. It operates under the authority of the Federal Transit Act. The FTA was established as a component of the US Department of Transportation. Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) An environmental document that is prepared following the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), which includes the results of the public involvement process and agency input on the DEIS. This document summarizes the substantive comments on social, economic, environmental, and engineering issues made as a result of the public involvement process, and documents compliance with requirements of all applicable environmental laws, Executive Orders, and other related requirements. Flexible Operational Capability allows the direction lanes to change to accommodate uneven traffic flow. For example, during an evacuation, 7 northbound lanes can be created for evacuees and 1 southbound lane for emergency vehicles. Freeway A divided highway facility having two or more lanes for the exclusive use of traffic in each direction and full control of access. The freeway is the only type of highway intended to provide complete uninterrupted flow. Frontage road An arterial type roadway that parallels a major transportation facility such as a freeway. It serves to collect and distribute traffic along the major facility without impeding flow along the freeway. Frontage roads are also referred to by the public as access, feeder, and service roads. GGrade The slope (ratio of change in elevation to change in distance) of a roadway typically given in percent. For example, a 2% grade represents 2-feet of elevation change over a 100-foot distance. Grade Separation A vertical separation between intersecting roads or railroad tracks. One facility travels over the other via an overpass or other structure. HHigh Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Vehicles having more than one occupant. Examples include carpools, vanpools, buses, and mini-buses. Transportation systems may encourage HOV use by having designated HOV lanes. High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane High Occupancy Vehicle Lane. Exclusive road or traffic lane limited to buses, vanpools, carpools, emergency vehicles, and in some cases, single occupant motorcycles. HOV lanes typically have higher operating speeds and lower traffic