英语段落写作.doc

英语段落写作第一节 段落的结构一、主题句两个例子：In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves. By so doing, our world will be full of happiness. This, of course, is my personal view. But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience. So now, I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader.这是一名中国大学生的作文Applause on the Bus中的开头。然而美国编者认为：This is essentially a solid essay. The writer uses an anecdote to make a point Now we just need to give it a good, strong topic sentence using the writers own ideas to form it. 她给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句：A little girl taught me, and a busful of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves. One day I took a very crowded bus to school在另外一篇作文Part of My Childhood中，作者开头是这样写的：In my childhood, there were so many things that were worth calling to mind. Some made me happy, some made me excited, and some made me sad. But among them was an unforgettable thing, when I think of it, my good friend Tong Tong will occur to me.美国编者认为：This is a moving story about friends who have quarreled. It needs a good topic sentence to bring the reader into the feelings and message the writer wants to convey.这位美国编者提供了这样的开头：One of the most unforgettable experiences of my childhood involves my good friend Tong Tong. It happened when I was eight years old.主题句的位置1）主题句在段首下面是几个相应的例子：Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the West, and so was Karen. Next, both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school. Jane likes French, history, and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.Even when we are very careful in the things we do each day, the risk of loss and injury is always with us. Starting the day with a shower, we risk slipping and falling through the glass door. Riding to work, we risk collision. While we are away from our homes, the risk of fire and burglary is greater. Going to school, our children risk being injured. We also loss through unintentional actions of our own that might injure others. Such events may occur regardless of how careful we may try to be, and they can cost us a lot of money. Rather than taking the chance of being wiped out financially, we transfer some or our risks to others, we buy insurance.Eating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes. Because lunch comes in the middle of the day, it gives me a welcome break from studying. At school, lunch means thirty minutes out of class and a chance to rest after the mornings work. While eating, I can plan what Im going to do in the afternoon. And besides offering a pleasant break in the day, lunch is always a good meal.2）主题句在段落中间The officers of most doctors today are overloaded with people who are convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. At the first sign of pain they run to a doctor, failing to realize that pain is rarely an indication or poor health. We are becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal. Instead of attacking the most common causes of pain such as tension, worry, boredom, frustration, insufficient sleep, overeating, poor diets, smoking, or excessive drinking, too many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers - aspirins, barbiturates, codeine, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other desensitizing drugs.Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility - both physical and psychological- has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.3）主题句在段落末尾At the beginning of a writing course, many students earn low grades because they are inexperienced writers. They simply dont know how to write an effective essay, and in the process of learning to do so, they make mistakes - and low grades. Such grades affect the students confidence and morale, making writing an unpleasant task associated with anxiety and failure. As a result, students are discouraged; instead of working seriously on their writing, they spend time worrying about the easiest way to earn a better grade on the next paper- usually by writing “safe” papers that are simple and correct but lacking in thought. Therefore, the assigning of traditional grades in a freshman writing course often works against the purpose of the course - to help students learn to write better.Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually. Still, the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for others. It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way showing respect.4）段落没有主题句英文正规的文章，很少没有主题句，没有主题句的情况一般出现在记叙文体中。但是也有作者有意隐而不说的情况。The bright child is patient. He can tolerate uncertainty and failure, and will keep trying until he gets an answer. When all his experiments fail, he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer. This may annoy him, but he can wait. Very often, he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with, because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure it out for himself in the future. Not so the dull child. He cannot stand uncertainty or failure. To him, an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity, but a threat. If he cant find the answer quickly, it must be given to him, and quickly; and he must have answers for everything. Such are the children of whom a second-grade teacher once said, “But my children like to have questions for which there is only one answer.” They did; and by a mysterious coincidence, so did she.(Implied topic sentence: To a bright child a puzzle or unanswered question is a challenge, whereas to a dull child it is a threat.)First you must wait for a sunny day. Remember that the rays of the sun are most direct between 11 A.M. and 2 P.M. This is the time when you will tan the quickest. At the right time and on the right day, pick an open spot outdoors and lay out a large towel or beach mat. You may want to bring along several things: suntan oil, a portable radio, a book or magazine, sunglasses, a pillow. It is a good idea not to stay in the sun too long at first. Begin with a half hour, and then gradually increase the time you spend in the sun. Certain parts of your body will burn more quickly than others. These include the backs of your knees, the inside of your elbows, your shoulders, and your nose. Be sure to cover these spots with suntan oil when you first go outside. Cover them again with oil after you have been outside in the sun for a while.(Possible implied topic sentence: Taking a sunbath calls for careful planning.)主题句的写作主题句的写作要注意两个基本要求：第一是要包含主导思想(the controlling idea)；第二是要做到概括和具体的统一。例如我们不能说：“We had a pleasant summer vacation but summer vacation always seems short.”。在具体的写作中，最容易出现的现象就是主题句过于概括的现象。请看下面的病例：I want to talk about my father. He is strict with his children, especially me. He wont let men out of the house unless Ive done all my homework. He is a tall and rather skinny man. Some people say he is good-looking. He has a nice streak of gray in his hair. He laughs a lot and enjoys life. My father is interesting.扩展句扩展句和主题句之间至少要注意以下两点：第一，意义的相关性（unity）；第二，逻辑的一致性(coherence)。病例1、跑题The report indicates that babies of fathers who smoke are likely to be smaller and weaker than babies of non-smoking fathers. Of course it is already well known that pregnant women who smoke can damage the health of their babies. My sister smoked twenty cigarettes a day when she was expecting her first child. Another worrying point is that smoking just before the start of the pregnancy can affect the baby later. I heard recently that certain foods harm unborn babies.2、岔题The main school building contains most of the classrooms. That was our “second home”, the place where my classmates and I worked, studied, and learned for three years. Beyond that is the science building. Thats where we did all our laboratory work for chemistry and physics. On the right side of science building is a library, where there are a large collection of books and periodicals. We all enjoyed reading, and from this we got a great deal of benefits. Since our teachers were rich in knowledge and taught us very earnestly, we had always done better than students of other schools in joint examinations.3、重复Watching TV too much is harmful to your eyes. If you stay in front of TV for too long time your eyes might get hurt. You will be near-sighted. You cannot see clearly when you read. You even cannot see clearly a friend when you meet him in street.4、片面Our school is an Army school, so we must obey many rules. Because of this my house is special in some ways. First, our house is very clean, have no piece of paper on the ground. Everything in my house is neat. Perhaps some other house is dirty, but if my house is dirty we would be punished and forced to clean it.练习1、首先找出主题句，然后排列各句：1. a. Computers speed up registration by providing up-to-date information on open classes.b. They assist instructors by marking multiple-choice tests.c. Computers now perform many tasks on my campus.d. Computers can supply advisors with instant and complete information on requirements, career information, and personal data while they are talking to a student.e. Computers keep records for the bookstore, library, cafeteria, and maintenance department.2. a. My new Future camera has several features that I like.b. It advances the film after each shot and automatically rewinds it after each roll.c. Compared to other cameras, it is inexpensive.d. If I get too close to the subject, it alerts me with a buzzer.e. It beams out an infrared ray that focuses for me, even in the dark.f. It is lightweight and compact.3. a. Sometimes rapidly, sometimes slowly, they went relentlessly upward.b. Last week the Labor Department reported, however, that the economys seventeen-year inflationary spiral had, for one month at least, finally been broken.c. During March, inflation actually went down instead of up.d. This turned a trend of what economists call disinflation into outright deflation.e. Since 1965, prices in the U.S. economy have been heading one way.4. a. Moving back home with his parents would save him quite a bit.b. He was glad that he no longer had to work full-time while going to school.c. His income tax refund was enough to cover his expenses for the rest of the semester.d. The deans office approved his student loan, and he could cut his working hours.e. He had finally paid off his car.f. Things were beginning to look up.5. a. Two young girls took turns throwing their Frisbee to their dog, which leaped into the air to catch it.b. A family of tourists stood in front of the fountain, studying a map and trying to remember where they had left their car.c. It was a typical May Sunday afternoon at the park.d. From the freeway that circled the park the sound of a fire engine could be heard.e. A couple sat on a blanket, their baby crawling on the nearby grass.2、根据下面的主题词完成一个主题句，然后展开构成一个段落：The reason why I read books is that What a satisfying career should be The stupidity of the nuclear arms race.The thrill of a big city.3、根据下面的主题句，思考需要哪些内容来支持它：Owning a car is expensive.Spring is the most pleasant season of the year.People take part in sports for various reasons.Traffic is one of the essential activities in our society.Smoking is harmful to health.Television presents a vivid world in front of us.Of all the subjects that I study in school, I think that English is the most important one.Rivers play a very important part in our life.There are three reasons why solar energy has not been made use of widely.Several factors have contributed to the difficulty in traveling in China, but in general, there are three major causes.Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages.Men and women are equal at home now.Although both are sources of energy, solar power is quite different from coal.Getting up early can help you to keep healthy.Mr. Wang is a very responsible teacher.When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there.Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life.But the over growth of population presents a threat to the existence of human society.But automobiles have also given rise to a series of problems.One of the reasons I love my school is that My roommate Paul possesses the characteristics of a good student.Although working is good for us, as it helps train our body and mind, yet there should be a limit.Besides, people do not live only to work.Admittedly, machines play a very important part in our daily life.A computer can save a lot of work.Necessity is the mother of invention.4、下面是几则学生的作文，首先修改文中的语言错误，然后提出内容修改意见：(1)Adventure is very popular in the west country, but there are few people love adventure in China. Many people think adventure is too dangerous, but I think adventure is a spirit of conquering the nature. Succeeded adventure need luck and spirit brave. If you are weak, I think you will never succeed. Just with the spirit adventure, many famous scientist invented many things. In our lives, we just poor in the spirit adventure, if we have spirit adventure, I think we will live happier.(2)There is a kind of people in the world. They doesnt wanted quiet and comfortable life. They enjoy the adventure and unique experience. So, they always try to conquer all kinds of danger. This is a spirit of never satisfied with what he has achieved. One cant make a progress if one is afraid of difficulties. Only adventure can defeat the difficulties. We are youth of over the century. We must dare to face the difficulties and defeat it. So, we must learn how to adventure.(3)Watching TV too much is bad for our eyes. We use the eyes to watch TV. If we watch TV too long, our eyes might tire. So it is bad for our eyes if we watch TV too much. If you want to watch TV more, you must spend more time for it. So you might have no time, or have not enough time for studying. Then you might fail in exam. So watch TV too much is disadvantageous.(4)My father is very strict with his children, especially me. He wont let men out of the house unless Ive done all my homework. Frankly, I dont care whether I go to school or not. School is such a waste of time. There arent any good jobs, anyway. My mother doesnt agree with my father. They quarrel a lot. Sometimes I wish they would get a divorce, but then who would I live with?(5)Watching TV has many advantages, but paying too much time on TV would have many disadvantages. Watching TV can help us receive many important information. For example, watch TV news, and it may improve our study. But if you pay too much time on TV set, it occupies most of your time, then, your time for study is not adequate, this would influence your study. I propose that first we should have adequate time for study and then we can watch TV, this would bring us more advantages.第二节 段落展开类型1）记叙Narration记叙就是把一连串的事件按照时间顺序记录下来。它是最基本但又是最难的一种写作方式。经常用到的过渡词有：first, second, third, etc. / now, before, after(ward), later, until, while, when(ever), then, soon, sometimes, /next, last, finally, /immediately, suddenly, gradually, meanwhile范文举要I saw a young cyclist, about 20 years old, hold the handle bars tight, and pedal along as quickly as he could. Obviously he wanted to turn left and tried to rush through the green light before it changed to red. He was in such a hurry that he forgot to put his left hand out. And then the driver of the lorry behind him, on seeing that, made a prompt response and slowed down. But a car coming up from behind overtook the lorry and tried to cut in. An accident was inevitable!本段是一个学生的考试作文，是对一次车祸的发生的客观记述。但是好的记叙文并非都是完全客观的，有的作者也会把人的感情和观点也加入进去，这样的文章读起来有的时候会更生动有趣。例如下文：I was lying in my bed thinking how boring this school is and how I cant wait till I get out of this place when some guys asked me to play soccer with them. So I said “Why not?” and followed them to the field. I didnt have anything to do anyway. It was a nice summer evening; the sun was getting cool and the grass had been nicely dried. It didnt take long for us to divide up the team and begin playing. I was playing the center-field, a very important offense position I was proud of. We must have been playing for about ten minutes when I fell down hurting my right ankle. I had accidentally stepped into a small hole. I felt tremendous pain in my ankle, as if someone was hopping on it as hard as he could with porcupine shoes. Trying to forget the pain, I bit my tongue so hard that I bled. All the guys gathered around to see what was happening. “Hey, Joe, are you all right?” Jim asked.在写记叙性文章的时候，一定要注意过渡词的使用：Yesterday at the swimming pool everything seemed to go wrong. Soon after I arrived, I sat on my sunglasses and broke them. Later my bathing suit caught on the rough edge of a chair, tearing a hole in the side of the suit. But my worst moment came when I decided to climb up to the high diving tower to see what the view was like. Once I was up there, I realized that my friends were looking at me because they thought I was going to dive. I decided I was too afraid to dive from that height. S