第六讲 省略和倒装.doc

第六讲 省略和倒装Ellipsis and InversionEllipsis 省略【考点概况】为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。例如： (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I) see you tomorrow. Open the door.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。例如： (There is) No smoking.(Is there) Anything wrong?Why (do you) not say hello to him?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。例如： Are you going there? Id like to (go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。例如：. Are you an scientist ?No, but I want to be.She hasnt finished the job yet. Well, she ought to have.4、省略表语。例如： Are you hungry? Yes, I am (hungry).5、同时省略几个成分。例如： Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. Have you finished your task? (I have) Not (finished my task) yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。例如： My brother is a doctor and my sister(is) a nurse.I study at college and my brother (studies) at high school.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。例如： (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。例如： Is she coming back this evening? I think so.Is she feeling better today? Im afraid not.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I dont think so.比I think not.更常用）。（四）其它省略1、连词that的省略：、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。例如：I told him to come in and sit down.、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。例如：. I saw the boy fall off the bike .The boy was seen to fall off the bike.、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。例如：. The boy did nothing but play.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化。（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。例如： The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).【名师点拨】Definition定义为了避免重复, 使句子简洁, 省略句中的一个或几个句子成分,这种语法现象称为省略。在口语中, 这种情况更为常见。1.词语意思很明显, 常予以省略。2前后句中重复出现的词, 可省略后面的。3定语从句中的关系代词如作宾语, 可以省略。 4关系代词why所说明的先行词the reason常加省略。5祈使句中的主语you应予以省略。6宾语从句的连词that常可省略。7状语从句的主语如与主句的主语相同, 且从句的助动词是be, 则从句可省略主语和助动词be。8所有格名词或人接house, shop, office等词, 这些词可省略。9表示身份、职务的名词作表语或同位语, 省略冠词。10可用不定式符号to代替重复的不定式或短语。【高考真题】1.Do you think its going to rain over the weekend? _. A. I dont believe B. I dont believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe notKey: D解析：类似句型还有：I hope not.Im afraid not.I guess not.I dont think so2. Have you cleaned the room? No, but _. A. Im B. I am C. Im just going D. Im just going toKey: D3. You should have thanked her before she left. I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so Key: B4. I slipped on the stairs. I think my arm is broken. Oh! I _. A. dont hope so B. hope so C. dont hope D. hope not Key: D5. He didnt give me the chance, though he _. A. had promised to B. had promised C. promised to D. promised it. Key: A6. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? Not at all. _. A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to Key: DId love to.Id like to.7. One of the sides of board should be painted yellow, and _.A. the other is whiteB. another whiteC. the other whiteD. another is white Key: CInversion倒装【考点概况】I. full inversion（全部倒装）1、there (here) + be + S例如：Here is the postman. There comes the bus.在there和here的后面还可跟一些不及物动词，如stand, lie, go, fall等。句子的谓语时态为一般过去时或一般现在时。如例22、单个副词位于句首的倒装句 单个副词位于句首，句子的主、谓需倒装，表示强调。这类副词有in, out, now, up, down etc.句子的谓语一般为be动词或不及物动词。例如： Down came the rain. Up went the flag. Away she ran. 如果这类句子中的谓语动词是短语动词则不能将短语动词中的副词移到句首。例如： Up it blew.(错)_blew up: exploded3、介词短语作状语位于句首的倒装句。在这类句子中，谓语一般为be或不及物动词。例如：. In the cottage lives a family of six.在上述单个副词和介词短语位于句首的倒装句子中，谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。4、so, nor, neither, no more 引导的倒装句，句子全部倒装。例如： He finished his work, and so did I. I cant swim. Neither can he.在美式英语中，通常认为nor不能跟在but或and的后面。例如：Tom didnt see the accident and nor did Rose.(错) Tom didnt see the accident and neither did Rose.（对）当句子的主语与前句的主语为同一人或物，而so位于该句的句首时,后面so引导的句子不用倒装。例如： Its raining . So it is.5、as引导的倒装句在正式书面文体中，as引导表示比较含义的从句，句子常用倒装句。例如： She likes music, as do most of her friends. 她和她的大多数朋友一样，喜欢音乐。II. partial inversion（部分倒装）1、副词位于句首的部分倒装句一些含有否定意义的副词位于句首时，句子倒装：seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, never, few, not until, not only等。例如：Not until the end of this week did she realize her mistakes. Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.一生中我很少见到如此果断的人。如果scarcely, hardly, little和barely等副词位于句首，但它们在句中修饰主语，此时句子不倒装。例如：. Hardly twenty students are in that big room. 在那间大房子里还不足20名学生。2、only引导的部分倒装句。Only位于句首，句子要倒装。例如： Only then did we realize that the woman was blind. 直到那时我们才发现那个人是盲人。3、not only but also引导的两个分句，前一个分句用倒装，后一个分句用陈述结构。例如：Not only does he speak German but also he speaks French.*not only不位于句首，句子则不倒装 例如： He not only speaks German but also he speaks French.4、hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; no soonerthan例如： No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain.我刚刚离开家就下雨了。Hardly had he began to speak when his father stopped him.他刚开口发言就被父亲制止了。5、not+名词或副词组成的词组在句子中作状语或宾语，位于句首，句子需倒装。例如：. Not a word did he say at the meeting. 在会议上他一句话都没说。*not在句首修饰主语，句子不必倒装。 Eg. Not many people came to the party.6、当含有no的词组位于句首时，句子用倒装。By no means should you break the rules. 你决不能违反规章制度。At no time should we give in to difficulties. 我们任何时候都不应在困难面前屈服。*类似的短语：in no way决不，in no sense决不，in no case决不，under no excuse毫无理由，on no account决不如果这类短语不在句首，句子不用倒装。7、在if引导的虚拟条件句子中，如有had, were, should，可将if省去，而将had, were, should移到句首倒装。例如： Had he known her address，he would have gone to visit her.如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。 8、as, though引导的让步状语从句，形容词、名词作表语常位于句首，形成倒装。例如：Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people. Child as he is, he knows a lot.(省略冠词)【名师点拨】The usual order of a sentence is like this: s be p s v. adv. s v. o adv.The order of a inverted sentence is like this:So am I.Hardly could the old lady write her name.Here comes the bus.There goes the bell.There on the ground lies a dog.1)全部倒装：(1) There be; Here be(2) Up ( Down；Out；Off；Away) + 谓语 + 主语 + 其他(3) 介词短语 + 谓语 + 主语 + 其他 例如： In the middle of the room sits a large bed.在房间的中央放着一张大床。2) 部分倒装： (1) 疑问句 (2)否定词 + 部分谓语 + 主语 + 部分谓语 +其他(3) So, Neither, Nor+ 部分谓语 + 主语(4) Only + 从句或短语(不做主语) + 部分谓语 + 主语 + 其他(5) 句式: Hardly had + 主语 + done when didNo sooner + 主语 + done than did(6) 虚拟语气: if 从句中有had; should 或were; 可以将其放在主语前, 省略if, 构成倒装, 意思不变。(7)让步状语从句：把部分谓语或表语等放在前面，构成倒装，意思不变, 通常用连词as。例如：: Though he is young， he knows a lot. Young as he is, he knows a lot.【高考真题】1. _ can you expect to get a pay rise.A. With hard work B. Although work hardC. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard Key: C2. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life _ so happy!A. did I feelB. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt Key: D3. Not until all the fish died in the river _ how serious the pollution was.A. did the villagers realizeB. the villagers realizedC. the villagers did realizeD. didnt the villagers realize Key: A4. Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? I dont know, _.A. nor dont I care B. nor do I careC. I dont care neither D. I dont care also Key: B5.You forgot your purse when you went out. Good heavens, _.A. so did I B. so I didC. I did so D. I so did Key: B6. In the dark forests, _, some large enough to hold several English towns. A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakesC. many lakes lieD. many lakes standKey: B解析：地点状语在句首为倒装句。7. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _ with each other. A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled Key: C解析：否定词never 在句首,句子要倒装。8. It is reported that the United States uses _ energy as the whole of Europe. A. as twice B. twice much C. twice much as D. twice as much Key:D 9. The number of people present at the concert was _ than expected. There were many tickets left. A. much smaller B. much moreC. much larger D. many moreKey: A 解析：than expected= than (it was) expected， the number 用 large或 small修饰。10. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see him. (Bj-30)A. you will come B. will you comC. you come D. do you comeKey: A解析：when you will come and see him你何时将会来看他。11. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? (Sh-29) A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt it D. did itKey: A12. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.(Sh-38)A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requiresKey: C 解析：regulations规定，it是 形式主语。13. _ , he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. (chq-27 )A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may beC. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a studentKey: B14. _ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. (Js-35)A. So curious the couple wasB. So curious were the coupleC. How curious the couple wereD. The couple was such curiousKey: B15._ that he managed to get the information? Oh, a friend of his helped him. (Shd-31)A. Where was itB. What was itC. How was it D. Why was itKey: C16.Well, I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast. _. (Ln-32)A. So it isB. So is itC. So does itD. So it does Key: A解析：So it is. 确实是这样。17. _ with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When leftB. LeavingC. If you leaveD. LeaveKey: D 18. Dont smoke in the meeting-room, _?A. do you B. will youC. can you D. could you Key: B 解析：祈使句变反意疑问句, 只有lets变shall we，其余无论肯定和否定都用will you。19. Its a fine day. Lets go fishing, _?A. wont we B. will we C. dont we D. shall we Key: D20. Alice, you feed the bird today, _? But I fed it yesterday.A. do you B. will youC. didnt you D. dont you Key: B21. I dont suppose anyone will volunteer, _?A. do I B. dont IC. will they D. wont they Key: C22. Mrs. Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _?A. is he B. isnt heC. doesnt he D. does she Key: D 23. It is reported that the United States uses twice as much energy as the whole of Europe,_? A. isnt it B. doesnt it C.