定语从句 教师卷.doc

2011届高三英语语法复习之五定 语 从 句定语是句子成分之一，可以由单词、短语或从句担当，对名（代）词修饰和限制。名（代）词称为中心词。形容词作定语一般前置，另外名词、数词、单个的分词作定语也一般前置。副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语和从句作定语要后置，翻译成“的”。如：一个美丽的女孩 a beautiful girl一个穿白色衣服的女孩 a girl in white一个正唱歌的女孩 a girl who is singing一、定语从句的概念及结构：在复合句中，修饰主句中一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。主句和从句由关系代词或关系副词连接关系代词或关系副词作句子成分。 1. 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2、关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句； B.代替先行词； C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。3. 结构：The students who do not study hard will not pass the exam.二、定语从句的位置及引导词：1.位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。2.引导词：A.关系代词: 指人: who(主、宾)，whom(宾)，that(主、宾), whose(定)指物: that(主、宾), which(主、宾), whose(定)B.关系副词: where (地点状语) when (时间状语) why (原因状语)三、定语从句的分类：1.限制性定语从句 （restrictive）：限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上译成先行词的定语“的” 例如：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.2.非限制性定语从句（non-restrictive）：对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。通常译成主句的并列句。非限定性定语从句有“唯一性”例如：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 3.注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）All the books that have pictures in them are well written.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含：不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含：没有不带插图的书。）4.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book. whichHe failed in the exam._ made his parents angry. ItHe failed in the exam, _made his parents angry. whichHe has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. themHe has two sons, both of _ are teachers. whom关 系 代 词 的 用 法：一、关系代词如何引导定语从句The building is our school. The building stands by the river.-The building that/which stands by the rivers our school which、that 是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词the building, 同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用，把两个简单句连接起来。关系代词实际上是先行词的复指I have a sister. She works in Shanghai. -I have a sister who/that works in Shanghai. 二、关系代词判断步骤 :1.要辨别出先行词.如果先行词是指人, 关系词可能就用who, that, whom, whose。如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that2.要确定关系代词在从句中的成分。the relative pronouns referring to function in the clause who whom that which whose 三、关系代词使用方法举例：1.先行词是人且作主语时，用关系代词who和that; 先行词是人且作宾语时，用关系代词whom和that，在口语和非正式语中可用who代替whom.且关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略The man whothat is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.Mr. Liu is the person (whom/that/who) you talked about on the bus. 2.当先行词是物时，关系代词用which或that，且作宾语时关系代词可以省略Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys.The film (which/that ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 四、难用的whose1. Join the following pair of sentences.I will call a person. His father knows you. His father = the persons fatherI will call a person whose father knows you.The house is mine. The window of the house is broken. the window of which is broken The house is mine.of which the window is brokenThe house whose window is broken is mine. whose=the houses window2.whose 是代词的所有格形式, 在定语从句中做定语。它既可以代人也可以代物。指物时，常用of结构。whose +n.=the +n. + of which=of which + the +n.I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repairedThe classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.3.练习：I visited a scientist _name is known all over the country. He has a friend _father is a doctor. I once lived in the house the roof _has fallen in.Do you like the book _cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover _ is yellow?五、as引导的定语从句1.as引导非限定性定语从句既可指物，又可指人；在定语从句中既可作主语和宾语，又可作表语；引导定语从句时，既可修饰一个词，又可修饰整个主句；既可放在主句之前又可放在主句中间或句末（其它关系代词或关系副词引导的定语从句只能放在先行词或主句之后）She was late again, as was expected. He is honest, as we can see. As is known to all, China is a developing country.John, as you know, is a famous writer. 2. 引导非限定性定语从句时which与as的区别as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect, know, see, think, want, suppose等。He won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.The police were looking for him, as he thought.下列固定结构，一般不能用which，如：as has been said before 如前所述 as often happens 正像经常发生的那样as is well known 众所周知 as will be shown in Fig 3 将如图3所示 as we know 正如我们知道的那样 as may be imagined 这可以想象得出来 as we all can see 正如我们大家看到的那样 as follows 如下在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语.He married her, which was natural. 可以用as代替 whichHe saw the girl, which delighted him. 不可用as代替 which当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。She has married again, as was expected.She has married again, which was unexpected.当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.3.as引导限定性定语从句时，先行词受such, the same, as, so 修饰Ive never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.He can lift so heavy a stone as no one else can.当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。 This is the same book as I lost. 这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。This is the same book that I lost. 这本书就是我丢的那本。such/sothat “如此以至于”，that是连词，引导的是结果状语从句. that在从句中不作成分It gave him such a shock that his face turned whiteIt is so small a matter that I do not want to mention itWe have seen such grapes _you never saw.Here is such a big stone _ no man can lift it.Here is such a big stone _no man can lift.六、but引导定语从句, 相当于who/thatnotThere is no rule but has exceptions.= There is no rule that does not have some exceptions.In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.= In China there is no one who does not know Lei Feng.七、that和which的选择1.that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况引导词只用that，不用which。当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时，如：a. All that can be done has been done.b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.c. There is little (that) the enemy can do besides surrender. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时：Ive read all the books (that) you gave me.先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best book (that) Ive ever read.This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时。That white flower is the only one (that) I really like.This is the very book (that) I want to find.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who (whom)和which引导。如：He talked about the teachers and schools（that）he had visited.先行词是疑问词who, which, what 时，定语从句用that不用who, (whom)和which引导。Who is the person that is standing at the gate?Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?What that is on the table belongs to me?当关系代词在从句中作表语时：Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.当主句是there be结构时，修饰其主语的定语从句用that:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个用 that以避免重复He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.2.只用which的情况在非限定性定语从句中，先行词是物时，只用which，不用that.She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.which在非限定性定语从句中,还可作定语，起到限定词（this/that/these/those）的作用，但前面必须有介词。Chaplin went to the States in 1910, by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies.His son insisted on joining the army, in which case he had to give in.在限定性定语从句中，只用which，而不用that的情况。a.关系代词前有介词时 This is the hotel in which you will stay.b.如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，另一句用which.Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.八、Who与thatwho、that在许多情况下可以通用，但有时宜用用who, 而不用that1.先行词是one(s),anyone, someone, those时，关系词使用whoThose who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.One who has nothing to fear oneself dares to tell the truth.2.在there be 句型中，先行词指人,关系词用whoThere is an old man who wants to see you.There are many young men who are against him.练习：that, which or who?1.He did all / everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.We talked about the men and the things _ we remembered at school.4.He is the only man _ can do the work.5.This is the first thing _ I want to say.6.He is the finest man _ I have ever worked with.7.Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate.8.Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth.that, which ,whose, whom or who?9.Is there anything else _ you want to say?10.Any person _ has the money can join the group.11.He often speaks the role he played in the play, _ made others upset.12.He opened the door, in front of _ sat a boy.13.The man to _ I spoke is a famous scientist.14.The boy _ mother is dead was brought up by his father.九、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句：1. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句的形成：The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.介词的位置非常灵活，既可放在从句中也可放在关系代词之前2.注意事项：A.介词放在关系代词的前面时, 介词宾语只能用which代物, whom代人。不可关系代词who, that。是所有格时用whose。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略)1) This is the hero (whom) we are proud of. This is the hero of whom we are proud. This is the hero (that) we are proud of.2) The room (that) I live in is very big. The room (which) I live in is very big. The room in which I live is very big.3) The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. B.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. This is the watch for which I am looking . The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. 联系：判断正误The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbor. The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. 3. 如何选定介词：.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im sure.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构，如：There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south.They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.5.介词+关系代词练习 This is the book _which I spent 8 yuan._ which I learned a lot_which they are talking_ which there are few new words. China has hundreds of islands, the largest _which is Taiwan.He is the person _whom you will write._whom the book was written. _whom I learnt a lot._whom I can turn for help. _whom I worked in the factory.I have lots of friends, some/none of _are friendly.I have lots of friends. Some of _are friendly.I have lots of friends, and some of _are friendly.This is the river _which there is a factory._ there is a boat._a bridge was built. _we often have a walk十、the way作先行词：1.当the way在从句中作宾语时用which/that/-，作状语时用in which/that/-Is this the way which/that/-you told me?Is this the way in which/that/-you spoke at the meeting?2.填上合适的关系词并分析原因：The way _he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. The way _he explained to us was quite simple.高考题链接：What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. （04湖北） A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which十一、定语从句中人称、数和时态的判定 1. The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother. 主语是单数(主句)The woman is my mother (从句)The woman is speaking at the meeting.The women that/who are speaking at the meeting are famous scientists. 主语是复数(主句)The women are famous scientists. (从句)The women are speaking at the meeting.2.定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother.(主句)The woman is my mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时)(从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday.(句中yesterday表示过去时间)练习：I who _your friend, will always back you up.The manager is one of the people who _going to get prizes.the only one of the people who _ going toAnyone who _(want) to see the film should pay for it.Those who_ (want) to see the film should pay for it.关 系 代 词 的 用 法 练 习1. He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, _ he loved as his own mother. A. that B. / C. whom D. which2.How hibernating animals can sleep all through the winter is connected with the main use _ the body makes of foodto supply the energy for movement.A.what B. that C. how D. as3. Last year the Browns moved to Toronto, _ they had long dreamed of living in.A. where B. which C. in which D. /4. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ we gave some bells and glasses.A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which5. This is Mr. White, _ I think has something interesting to tell you.A. which B. whom C. that D. who6. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name7. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _ effects the people are still suffering.A. that B.whose C. those D. what8. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair.A.whose B. which C. of which D. that9. _ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A. It B. As C. That D. What10.The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B.that C. how D. as11. I have the same magazine _ you bought just now.A. which B. like C. what D.as12. I have never heard so strange a story _ he told us.A. that B. which C. / D.as13. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine.A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which14. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A.of which B.by which C. in which D. from which15. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.A. in which B. by which C. which D. that16. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.A.is B.are C. have been D.has been17. She is one of the few girls who _ in he kindergarten.A.is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well18.Lets put off the picnic until next week, _ the weather may be better.A. as B. then C. if D. when19. The famous basketball star, _ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.A. where B. when C. which D.who20. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A.where B. which C. when D. that21. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place.A. when B. where C. what D.which22. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union.A.during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time23. We will be shown around the city; schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go.A. what B. which C. where D. when24.Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. which B. what C. whatever D. that25.This is the very book _ I want to find.A. that B. which C. it D. with which26. All _ is needed is a supply of oil.A. the thing B. that C. what D. which27. He owns a little shop which