ZCY虚拟语气语法.doc

虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语语法项目中的重点与难点。在历年的专四考试中，每年的语法测试题都会有12题涉及虚拟语气。1.1宾语从句中的(should) do句型类She asked that she _ allowed to see her son in police custody. （ 199350）A. would be B. could be C. be D. was下列动词表示“建议、要求、命令、愿望等意义的词后加that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词使用should do的形式，其中should 可省略。ask, advise, command, decide, determine, demand, desire, direct命令, insist, intend, move动议, order, prefer, propose, request, recommend, require, suggest, urge, etc（注意suggest, recommend, insist分别当“表明、推荐、坚持认为” 时不用虚拟语气。）在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气。We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting. 1.2. 同位语从句或中的虚拟He left orders that nothing should be touched until the police arrived here. (199743)由上述动词派生来的名词后加that引导的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词用should do的形式。advice, decision, desire, demand, idea, motion提议, necessity, order, preference, proposal, requirement, recommendation, request, resolution决心，决议， pray恳求， suggestion, eagerness, etc.1.3.主语从句中的虚拟It is necessary that he hand in the assignment without delay. (2010-60)It is imperative that the government attract more investment into the shipbuilding industry. (200659)It is imperative that students hand in their term paper on time. (200456)It was recommended that passengers not smoke during the flight. (199458)It was suggested that all government ministers should disclose information on their financial interests. (200452)It is imperative/ necessary/ important等结构后的主语从句中，谓语动词应当用should加动词原形的形式，should可省略。 当上述动词的过去分词及下列形容词可用于it is .that.主语从句中谓语动词通常用should+ do, 其中should 可省略。asked, appropriate/ advisable/arranged/ anxious/ adamant坚定不移的/ better较好的/ concerned/ crucial/ commanded/ complied/ determined/ desirable/desired/ eager/ essential/ imperative/ important/ incredible/ insistent/incredible/ keen/ natural/ necessary/ ordered/ possible/ probable / proposed/ requested/ required/ recommended/ resolved/ reasonable/ urgent/ vital, l等注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句外也可以用for.to do 来表达The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential for us to be prepared for that. (200347)1.4 在amazing / incredible / odd / ridiculous / strange / surprised/ unthinkable等形容词后的that从句中一般用should表达 “竟然、居然”的含义。 有些名词如a pity / a shame / no wonder等后面的that从句用 “ should+ do” 表示惊讶或不满。should 不能省略I am surprised that you should think this city is a dull place to live in. (200657)1.5 在lest, for fear that, in case, so that, unless等引导的状语从句中，谓语动词通常用should+ do, 其中should 可省略。Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone should have an opportunity to hear the speech. (200656)The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he (should injure) himself. She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.2. 固定句型类2.1 Its getting late. Id rather you left now. 我倒希望你立刻离开。 (201161 )would rather, would (just )as soon, would sooner, would prefer 所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。I would prefer he didnt stay there too long. 我倒希望他不要再那儿带太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 2.2 It is (about / high) time that “是的时间了”，动词用过去式。It is high time we stopped cutting down the rainforest. (06-54)But its about time I decided on something. (2002-51)If you have really been studying English for so long, its about time you were able to write letters in English. (1999-49)That was not the first time he had betrayed us. I think its high time we took strong actions against him. (2005-60)It is / was the first time / movie/ night后接从句中，应使用现在完成时或过去完成时， 而在it is high/ about time that 从句，应该使用一般过去时。2.3 If only . “要是.就好了“， 从句中要求用一般过去式或过去完成时。If only I could play the guitar as well as you! （2006-52）考查虚拟语气， if only后引导的句子用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去式表示现在没有实现的愿望。If only the patient had received a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (200754)2.4 whether.or 谓语多用be的原型，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。When someone in the company quits or retires, there is always a farewell party, be he/she a manager or janitor(看门人） (Book 3, p436)He is the happiest, be he king or peasant, who finds peace in his home. - EmersonBe he rich or poor, Ill marry him all the same. (200452)2.5 由连接词in case, so that, unless, lest, for fear that 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might, would) + doLoudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone should have an opportunity to hear the speech. (200656)She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.2.6 but for. “要不是，如果没有.” 相当于if it were not for与现在事实相反相当于if it had not been for与过去事实相反But for your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work. (199453)Had it not been for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (200252)given., provided, providing (that), supposing (that), 后接名词短语或从句，表示条件，意为 “如果”, 也可用虚拟。Given enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. (98-51)A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given2.7 were/was to have done表示 “原本打算要做某事”，强烈暗示“事实上没有做某事”，这是一种特殊的虚拟语气，相当于intended to have done Linda was to have started the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. (2007-55)I was to have made a speech if I had not been called away. (199751)I was to have finished writing the paper as scheduled, but my mothers illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (199354)2.8 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 A.表示对现在的愿望时，宾语从句中谓语用过去式（be 用were）B.表示对将来的愿望时，宾语从句中谓语用would / could/ might + 动词原形C.对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中谓语动用had + 过去分词 或 could/ would + have done The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. I wish he werent so lazy.2.9 had hoped/ thought 引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would +动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。有“本来希望、本来以为”之意，从句谓语要用would + do His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.2.10 but that +非真实条件句. =if it had not been for the fact that =if it were not for the fact that条件句中都用过去式表示虚拟, “要不是”。He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. =He would have helped us if it had not been for the fact that he was short of money at the time.I would come with you but that I was so busy. =I would come with you if it were not for the fact that I was so busy.3.3.1 虚拟语气 表示虚拟的时间条件从句谓语形式主句谓语形式 与现在相反过去式did / werewould +do 与过去相反过去完成式 had donewould +have done 与将来相反 did或were to /should dowould/should/might/could +do 与现在事实相反If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be much easier. (200252)If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he would be able to advise you much better than I can. (200551)与过去事实相反 Would you have been surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? （ 2004-54）All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of people there. （ 200049）I would have enjoyed the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of people there. (199643)与将来事实相反Should you have further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. (200563) 语气较强的假设 If your car should need any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. （ 199843 ）从句是对将来事实的一种虚拟假设，因此要用should do 或 were to do结构。主句用的是祈使句代替would/could/should do结构。3.2 虚拟条件句的倒装形式if 引导的虚拟条件句中的if 可以省略，然后将were, should, had等助动词提前至句首，采用倒装形式表示条件。Had it not been for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. （ 200250）Had I realized you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions. (199462)Linda was to have started the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. (2007-55)If only the patient had received a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (200754)3.3. 混合虚拟语气 有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以用错综时间条件句。在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she would get much better results now. (200852)Much as I would have liked to, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash. Much as I would have liked to尽管我是会非常乐意，虚拟 （199952）If only the patient had received a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (200754)He would have finished his college education, but he had to quit and find a job to support his family. (0760)真题精选1. If you have really been studying English for so long, its about time you _ able to write letters in English. (1999)A. should be B. were C. must be D. are2. Much as _, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash (1999)A. I would have liked to B. I would like to have C. I should have to like D. I should have liked to3. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd of people there. (2000)A. werent B. hasnt been C. hadnt been D. wouldnt been4. _ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (2002)A. Had it not been B. Hadnt it been C. Was it not D. Were it not5. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003)A. for us to be prepared B. that we are prepared C. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared6. Its high time we _ cutting down the rainforests. (2006)A. stopped B. had to stop C. shall stop D. stop7. If only I _ play the guitar as well as you! (2006)A. would B. could C. should D. might8. If only the patient _ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A. had received B. received C. should receive D. were receiving9. He would have finished his college education, but he _ to quit and find a job to support his family.A. had had B. has C. had D. would have10. It is absolutely essential that William _ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A. will continue B. continued C, continue D. continuesKeys: 1.B 2.A 3. C 4.A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8.A 9. C 10. C模拟题精选1. _ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.A. Besides B. But for C. Regardless of D. Despite2. The doctor ordered that the wounded soldiers _ to the hospital without any delay.A. be sent B. have been sent C. will be sent D. must be sent3. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office.A. had not worked B. not to workC. does not work D. did not work 4. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world”, Edgar said to its