第04课时-第二章-句子02.doc

四、句子中的短语短语是句子的重要组成部分，用途很广泛，在句子中可起各种不同的作用。掌握并学会辨别这些短语在句子中的作用对于商务英语写作具有十分重要的意义。1.介词短语介词短语由介词加名词或代词或任何修饰词构成。在句子中一般做状语或定语。例句见书P49作状语：The accounts were kept in the front room.The computer center will be moved from the old building.The graph fell behind the green cabinet.作定语：Mr. Zhang was waiting for the trade team from France.The man in front of me is president of the global company.2.动名词短语动名词短语由动词加ing构成，其后跟宾语及其修饰词。在句中经常做主语或宾语。做主语时出现在句首，做宾语时常出现在动词或介词之后。例句见书P4950Finding the office building took longer than we expected.做主语We appreciate your bringing this matter to our attention.做宾语The firm is determined to prevent its competitors from eating into the market.做介词宾语。3不定式短语不定式短语由不定式动词加宾语及其修饰词组成，在句子中常做主语、宾语、定语或状语。例句见书P50To sign this contract means endless trouble to our firm.做主语签下这一合同意味着对我们公司有无穷尽的麻烦。Moton decided to do business in China in the early 1980s.做动词宾语莫顿在80年代初决定与中国做生意。The board meeting to be held next Friday will be critical to the company.做定语To be more competitive in the labor market, he has enrolled in a computer course.做状语4.分词短语有现在分词和过去分词短语两种。它们一般都被用来修饰名词或名词短语，在句子中起定语和状语的作用。1)现在分词短语现在分词短语与动名词短语形式一样，但用法不同。动名词短语在句中做主语或者宾语；而现在分词短语在句子中做定语和状语。例如：现在分词短语作定语：The young man polishing the car attends college.正在擦车的年轻人在上大学。在句作状语：Working late at the office, Mr. Ramirez met the deadline.通过在办公室加班工作，拉米雷斯先生在最后限期前完成了。2）过去分词短语和现在分词短语一样，过去分词短语在句中做定语和状语。作定语的句子：The new equipment made in Germany arrived yesterday.德国制造的新设备于昨天到达。作状语的句子：Skilled at tying and shorthand, Kay was hired by the personnel director.由于其打字和速记的熟练技术，凯被人事处长录用了。五、句子的衔接1地位相等成分的连接1）并列连词在句子中起连接地位和重要性相等成份作用的主要是并列连词，其中使用频率最高的有：and, or, but, nor例句见书P55例句：We think your action is illogical, unfair, and arbitrary.People can choose to communicate in international business by correspondence, telephone, or fax.Give serious thought to your letters and to reader reaction.Karen is interested in a job in marketing, but she wants to go abroad for further studies too.2)连接性副词连接性副词也经常用来连接句子中地位相等的部分。由于连接性副词对句子各层意思起到有效的过渡作用，而且常常由一个以上的词构成，所以它们也常被称作过渡性表达法，最常用的有：accordinglyconsequentlyfurthermorehencehoweverin factin the meantimemoreoverneverthelesson the contraryon the other handthereforethusthen例句见书P5556Electricians rewired the equipment room; nevertheless, fuses continued to blow.电工重新安装了设备房的电线，但是保险丝仍被烧了。Equipment expenditures are very great this quarter; on the other hand, new equipment will reduce labor costs.这个季度的设备开支非常巨大；但另一方面新设备将会降低劳动成本。3)关联连词关联连词通常由两部分组成，在强调语气较重的句子中它们往往代替并列连词。这些连词有：bothandnot only but alsoeitherorneithernor例句见书P5657例句：Your glasses are on the counter or on the table.你的眼镜在柜台上或在桌子上。Industry and agriculture are making great strides in the country.在这个国家工农业正在取得巨大的进步。mind you: 在使用关联连词时还需要注意句子的平衡问题，也就是说，要把关联连词放在能使句子在结构上保持平衡的位置上。例句见P57例句：I have neither the time nor the energy for this.我对此既没有时间也没有精力。I neither have the time nor the energy for this.（这样是不对的）2不相等成分的连接1)从属连词复合句有主句有从句，那么连接从句的连词就叫做从属连词。常见的有when where while whether since if 等。我们前面讲到的复合句中出现的连接从句的词都是从属连词。例句：Before they left the office, they finished the project.在离开办公室之间，他们完成了该项目。We will ship the goods within the week, if that is satisfactory with you.假如你方满意的话，我们将在一周内发货。（if 引导一个条件状语从句。）2)关系代词在讲定语从句的时候已讲过关系代词，主要有who whom that whose 和which。其中指人的有who whom和that; 指物的有which和that, 既可指人又可指物的有whose例句见P59例句：The expensive German car that you bought two years ago is still worth 20000.你两年前购买的德国车仍值两万美元。(that 引导一个定语从句，修饰主语。)The contract, whose stipulations have been negotiated over the past six months, is to be signed this week.通过过去六个月谈判，就其规定达成协议的合同定于本周签署。（whose 引导一个非限定性从句。）3)关系副词或关系连词关系副词有where when why 和how; 关系连词有if 和whether例句见P60例句：The manager couldnt understand why they turned down the proposal.(why连接understand与其宾语从句。)The board wanted to know if the company was performing well.(if 连接 know 及其宾语从句。)六、句子的有效性商务英语写作中的句子一定要言简意赅，明白晓畅。因此，我们在写句子时应该：1.避免罗嗦的句子例如：At the present time相当于nowAt this point in time相当于nowDue to the fact that相当于because例句：Due to the fact that fire damaged our warehouse, we have to delay some shipments.（原句）Because fire damaged our warehouse, we have to delay some shipments.（改后）2.删除重复多余的词The seminar covers only the fundamental basics.(原句)The seminar covers only the basics (fundamentals).（basics 与fundamentals意思重复，只留其一即可。）3.讲究句子的连贯性句子是否具有连贯性要看它是否由密切相关的部分构成。当句子中出现无关的思想时，句子就失去了连贯性，就会使读者和顾客茫然。例句：It is easy for you to do your Christmas shopping, and we offer three unique catalogs.(修改前：前后分句之间没有多大的联系，看后让人慕名其妙。)Because we offer three unique catalogs, it is easy for you to do your Christmas shopping.(修改后：加上Because，使前后句的因果关系很分明。)Retailers must have a system of inventory control, and they must keep current on recorders.(修改前：前后分句间的关系显得松散。)To be able to keep current on recorders, retailers must have a system of inventory control.(修改后：把原来的第二个分句改为目的状语，使整个句子的意思一目了然。)4.运用平行结构使句子的意思表达清楚对商务写作的成功至关重要。用平行的结构表达类似的思想则是达到此目的的重要途径之一。例句：Steel filing cabinets are best for durability, ease of cleaning, and they resist fire better.(修改前：文件柜的三个特点，前两个用的是短语，第三个用了从句。)Steel filing cabinets are best for durability, ease of cleaning, and fire resistance.(修改后：全部采用了名词平行结构。)Composing, revising, and then to retype-these are necessary steps in report writing.(修改前：前面两个短语中，第三个使用不定式与前两个不一致。)Composing, revising, an retyping-these are necessary steps in report writing.(修改后：都改成了-ing 的平行结构。)5.避免修饰语的错位修饰语就是限定其它词、短语或分句的词、短词和分句等。要想使句子清楚表达句子的意思，修饰语与被修饰语之间的关系必须明确，也就是说，修饰语的位置必须正确。假如修饰语放在了错误的位置，修饰了不该修饰的词、短语和分句等，就影响了读者的理解，达不到沟通的目的。The recommendation to delay action by the board was approved.(从句子中可看出，斜体部分不是修饰action，而是修饰recommendation的。)修改后：The recommendation by the board to delay action was approved.董事会提出的延缓行动的建议获得了通过。We provide a map for all visitors reduced to a one-inch scale.（斜体部分的位置有误，因为它不可能用来修饰visitors。如把for all visitors提到句首，使斜体部分修饰map，该句的问题就解决了。）For all visitors we provide a map reduced to a one-inch scale.我们向所有游客提供一张缩小为一英寸大小的地图。6.避免吹悬结构当句子开头的一个修饰语（通常为现在分词短语）不修饰主句的主语时，这种结构就成为