Keys to Part II.doc

Keys to Part III. Fill in the blanks1. 1783 2. 1783 3. the General Magazine 4. Autobiography 5. revolution 6. Common Sense 7. The American crisis 8. The Rights of Man 9. Philip Freneau 10. The British Prison Ship 11. Philip Freneau 12. Philip Freneau 13. Philip Freneau 14. Reason 15. Jonathan Edwards 16. Transcendentalism 17. Benjamin FranklinII. Decide whether the statements are true or false.1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F( Benjamin FranklinThomas Paine) 8. T 9. F( Common SenseThe Rights of Man) 10. F( Thomas PaineBenjamin Franklin) 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. T 20. TIII. Make multiple choices.1. B 2. ABC 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. ABC 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. ABCDE 11. B 12. C 13. ABCD 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. AIV. Identify the fragments.passge one:1. The American Crisis 2. Thomas Paine 3. Paine is praising those who stand it, it referring to the service of their country. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis. 4. The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Pain himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.passage two:1. Delaration of Independence 2. All men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, and among these Rights are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. The purpose of government is to secure these Rights. When a government becomes destructive of these ends, it should be replaced.passage three:1. Philip Freneau 2. To a Caty-Did 3. According to Freneau s note, a Caty-did is a well-known insect, when full grown, it is about two inches in length, and of the exact color of a green leaf. It can sing such a song as Caty-did in the evening, towards autumn.V. Analyze the main works.Work 1: The American Crisis Thomas Paine maintains that these times will put man to a test. Those who will fight only during the summer and sunshine deserve no praise. We need soldiers who will fight any time, who will make sacrifices for the noble cause of democratic revolution. Paine maintains that consolation for those Americans who support the overthrow of tyranny is the belief that they will win more glorious victory. In other words, people must appreciate what they believe in and fight hardest for. Britains declaration that she may bind us in all cases whatsoever is nothing more than slavery, and only God may have such undiminished power. He believes that God will not give up or abandon a people who have so steadfastly tried to avoid war. Certainly Britain cannot look to God for guidance; criminals have as much reason to look for guidance as the British; in fact, they are criminals. Paine quotes the Tory who states, Give me peace in my day. He is concerned only with immediate results so that he can reap the benefits, perhaps without care for the permanence of peace. Paine believes that the speaker should be willing to fight and suffer in his lifetime in order to insure a more permanent peace which his children may enjoy. The coal which he refers to is the remainder of the heat of struggle, even though there are failures along the way to liberation. The British government is compared to a house thief who causes destruction of life and property and who must be stopped. He does not care in what form the thief exists. In any situation, if we reason to the root of things, we shall find no difference. In short, The American Crisis is an Enlightenment, Deist document. Man relies on reason and indomitable optimism, not salvation, for deliverance from travail. However much the soldier, the scholar, the common man struggling for victory wants the support of God, he must rely on his devotion to his cause and to his fellow man first and foremost.Work 2: Declaration of Independence The Declaration, adopted July 4, 1776, not only announced the birth of a new nation, it also set forth a Philosophy of human freedom which served as an important force in the western world. It rested upon particular grievances, but more, upon a broad base of individual liberty, of individual will, so cherished by Americans. Endurance of oppression could meet its threshold; after that, the people must form a new state. Its ideas inspired mass fervor for the American cause, for it instilled among the common people a sense of their own importance (sometimes inflated) , and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self-government, and a dignified place in society. It is evident here and in American literature that Americans are protective of their freedoms, in however way they choose to interpret them. In addition, Thomas Jefferson s purpose in writing is to make the experiment of free government so successful that it would be an example to the rest of the world and a moral force in the destiny of mankind. The principles of decentralization of authority, agrarian economy, public education and flexible laws were all by-products of the central doctrine of Lockian perfectibility. Against this doctrine and formal statement Alexander Hamilton and the other founders of the Federalist party argued for a liberty which comes through submission to authority, in this case a clear and firm system of civil law derived from nature by experience but virtually rigid when once formulated. Centralized government, an economy determined by financial and manufacturing rather than by agrarian interests , and firm laws strictly enforced were, in Hamilton s thinking, the logical conclusions from a skepticism of man s basic goodness. The full force of thisphilosophy was brought to a focus in The Federalist (1787-1788) ,a series of eighty-five tracts prepared by Hamilton, Madison, and others in defense of the Constitution and in exposition of the Federalist system of government. In these papers, the fundamental doctrines of cohesion and orderliness were added to Jefferson s ideal of liberty, to make a system of government and of society that was full of both compromises and vitality. Perhaps it is the very existence of conflicting ideals within a single practical frame of operation which, at times, makes America so dynamic. Man is not consistent in design or action, and the Constitution of the United States, with its added Bill of Rights by reflecting two such opposite views as those of Jefferson and Hamilton, probably comes as near to being a description of basic human nature as any document that lawmakers have framed. These views appear again and again, in different forms, in America s national literature.Work 3: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of Americas first self-made man. The book consists of four parts, written at different times. The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of thirteen virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to Godall these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent. The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin