从《老人与海》看人生悲剧毕业论文.doc

编号 0904215 毕业论文 （ 2013 届本科） 题 目： 从老人与海看人生悲剧 学 院： 外国语学院 专 业： 英 语 作者姓名： 刘 德 林 指导教师： 王 炤 职称： 副教授 完成日期： 2013 年 5 月 25 日 二一三年五月26目录河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）诚信声明1河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告2正文7河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）题目审批表20河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）指导情况登记表21河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）指导教师评审表22河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）答辩记录表23河西学院本科生毕业论文（设计）诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的本科毕业论文（设计），是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 作者签名： 二O一三 年 五月二十五日外国语学院毕业论文开题报告专 业: 英 语 学生姓名: 刘 德 林 班 级: 09级2班 指导教师: 王 炤 开题日期: 2013年3月15日 论文题目On Mans Tragic End-Viewed From The Old Man and The Sea从老人与海看人生悲剧一、本选题的目的和意义厄内斯特.海明威的代表作老人与海，作为诺贝尔文学奖上的明珠。主要描写了一个老人在大海上顽强拼搏，不断地与自然、鲨鱼斗争的故事。一直以来，主人公圣地亚哥被诸多作者以“硬汉英雄”来解读，但本文从另一种视角，即主人公在最终劳无所获却几乎倾尽所有为结果这一事实，通过对这一人物的分析，了解作者笔下的悲剧形象，进而反思我们自身的悲剧。 本文通过分析老人与海中的人物形象，进一步揭示主人公身上所体现的悲剧精神：人在同外界势力的斗争中摆脱不了失败的命运。人，要成为自己的主人，但不能超越自我；要征服周围的环境，但又不可超越它。悲剧，是人生活中的清醒剂，它让人们看到生活中的真相，看到生活中的不幸和悲惨，看到物对人的压迫和社会对人的钳制。只有深入领会悲剧的涵义，才能让人更好地思考自己，思考人生的真谛和价值。二、本选题相关领域研究的现状及基本情况长期以来，海明威笔下的圣地亚哥，他被看做是不屈的灵魂，英雄似的人物，如陈桂艳（2012）；冷玲玉（2012）等都着重分析了圣地亚哥这一硬汉英雄。在海明威的作品中，有很多硬汉式的英雄形象，他们身上都体现出超凡的人格魅力和强大的生命力。无论他们面对什么样的困难，他们身上都闪烁着“绝望的勇气”。圣地亚哥是典型的代表。但也有不少学者从另一角度出发，即从悲剧意义上去理解，如范明燕（2011）；田华（2010）；黎裕华 、吴定祥（2009），主要研究了这一作品中的悲剧意识及悲剧色彩。小说里的主人公圣地亚哥在面对生活的困难，面对捕鱼的艰辛，面对生存的挑战时，展现出的那种顽强拼搏，永不言败，不断抗争的精神，使得他一次又一次地取得胜利，小说的悲剧色彩因此表达的淋漓尽致。再加上作者本身的生活的悲剧色彩，更让读者深刻地从小说中体会到。各界学者均从不同的角度对圣地亚哥这一人物做了大量的分析研究，但并未将这一主题升华，即从这一人物做深入的研究，延伸到自身，反思自我。基于此，本文试从这一角度分析悲剧所给人的启示。三、主要研究的内容 1.引言 2.从老人与海看人生悲剧 2.1孤单的境遇与不幸的命运 2.2不屈的灵魂与绝望的抗争 2.3最终的胜利与挣扎后的空虚 3.结语四、参考文献1 Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and The Sea M. Simon & Schuster, 1995.2 Jackson JBenson. Hemingway：The Writers Art of Self-defenseM. Minneapolis：University of Minnesota Press，1969.3 Keats George. American LiteratureM. Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984.4 Peng Ya-ying. Hemingway and the tragic theme of his worksJ. Journal of Changchun University, 2005(1): 75-78.5 Robert James. Notes on Hemingways The Old Man and The Sea M. Department of English University of Nebraska, 1982.6 陈元斌.走出英雄的迷恋,透视失落的挣扎老人与海新解J.绥化学院学报，2011（10）：135-137.7 董衡巽.美国文学简史M.北京:人民文学出版社，2003.8 邓丽娜.死亡孤独抗争论海明威作品的悲剧意识J.江南大学学报(人文社会科 学版)，2009（01）:133-136.9 范明燕.老人与海的悲剧色彩研究J.长城，2011（02）：170-172.10 海明威.老人与海M.吴劳译.上海:上海译文出版社，2001.11 冷满冰.老人与海的悲剧的悲剧启示J.自贡师专学报，1997（1）：54-57.12 黎裕华、吴定祥.老人与海的悲剧意识解读J.作家，2009（22）：61-62.13 田华.论老人与海的感伤主题J.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2010(05)： 59-61.14 汪新颖.与上帝的搏斗论老人与海的悲剧性启示J.哈尔滨职业技术学院学报， 2006(3)：27-30.15 杨筱玲、张恒.海明威老人与海的悲剧特质J.飞天,2010(04): 98-99.五、预期的论文撰写进度计划1.确定论文题目 2012年10月-12月2.提交初步论文提纲及相关文献资料查询情况 2012年12月- 2013年3月1日3.完成论文开题报告，交指导老师审阅 2013年3月2日-3月15日4.完成第一稿，指导教师审阅 2013年3月16日-4月7日5.完成第二稿，指导教师审阅 2013年4月8日-4月26日6.完成第三稿，指导教师审阅 2013年4月27日-5月12日7.继续修改论文直至定稿 2013年 5月13日-5月17日8.上交论文终稿及相关表格，进行教研室、院级论文答辩 2013年5月18日-5月25日六、完成论文的条件、方法及措施 （一）条件 1已经修完英语专业的所有课程，对英语文学的知识有较全面和深入的了解； 2学校图书馆具备有关本论文研究所需的丰富的书籍、期刊等参考文献，系资料室的原版外文资料可供参考借阅； 3已经收集有关该选题的较丰富和全面的文献资料； 4具有上网条件及丰富的网上资源。 （二）方法及措施 1利用图书馆和互联网进行资料的检索查阅； 2论文撰写小组之间讨论交流；3. 向指导教师寻求帮助和建议。文献分析法：根据一定的研究目的或课题，通过调查文献来获得资料，从而全面地、正确地了解掌握所要研究问题。七、指导教师的意见及建议 签名： 年 月 日 教研室意见负责人签名：年 月 日学 院 意 见负责人签名：年 月 日On Mans Tragic End-Viewed From The Old Man and The SeaLiu DelinUnder the Supervision ofWang ZhaoCollege of Foreign Languages and LiteratureHexi UniversityMay 2013ContentsAbstract(English)9Abstract(Chinese)101. Introduction112. On Mans Tragic End-Viewed From The Old Man and The Sea122.1 The Solitary Circumstance and Unfortunate Fate122.2 Indomitable Spirit and Despairing Fight132.3 The Ultimate Victory and Fruitless Struggle153.Conclusion16References18Acknowledgements19AbstractErnest Hemingway is considered as one of the most important and outstanding writers of the 20th century in the world. In his masterpiece The Old Man and The Sea, he mainly talked about a story about Santiago who was an old fisherman fished alone and struggled hard on the sea, and portrayed the protagonist as code hero. However, the novels ending that the old fisherman exhausted but only carried a skeleton of marlin gave the novel some tragic feature. This paper provides an analysis of the difficult process of old mans fishing to explore tragic feature the novel embodied, and then make the reader think about the tragedy of us human.Key words: Santiago; heroic character; tragedy摘 要厄内斯特 海明威，被公认为是二十世纪全世界最为重要和杰出的作家之一，他的代表作老人与海主要叙述了老渔夫圣地亚哥在海上孤身捕鱼、顽强斗争的故事，塑造了主人公圣地亚哥“硬汉英雄”的高大形象。但同时圣地亚哥精疲力竭却拖着一副空鱼骨架归岸的结尾也赋予了小说一种悲剧色彩。本文着力于分析主人公在出海捕鱼这一艰难过程，挖掘其中所蕴含的悲剧色彩，进而引发读者对人自身悲剧的思考。关键词：圣地亚哥；硬汉英雄；悲剧1. IntroductionErnest Miller Hemingway (1889-1961), American novelist and short story writer, was regarded as one of the most important and outstanding writers of the 20th century in the world. On July 21, 1889, he was born in Oak Park, Illinois. He committed suicide in the summer of 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho(Keat George 1984). He was considered as the spirit monument of the United States, and was the founder of the “journalistic style” novel, and also was the spokesman of “the Lost Generation”. He was famous for “Hemingway Code Hero” in writing and the “Ice berg theory”. Hemingway exerted a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction, both in America and abroad. Throughout his works, Hemingway sought to reconcile the ruination of his times with an enduring belief in conquest, triumph, and “grace under pressure”.Having experienced the two World Wars, Hemingway suffered a lot from it, not only physically, but also psychologically. He saw clearly how the wars destroyed humans life and what the wars brought wounds to people. He participated in the two World Wars, which he did different jobs, but finally got hurt seriously. Therefore, his works were deeply influenced by wars. Besides, many accidents made him a poor health in his life. All these factors made his works characterized by a strong tragic feature.We might can say that all of his novels were tragedy(Dong Hengxun 2003). His masterpiece The Old Man and The Sea published in 1952 can be a good example. This story is about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle against a giant marlin. For 84 days he just did not catch a single fish, but he still kept on trying without being despaired. Finally he caught a giant marlin. A desperate struggle happened in which Santiago managed to kill the fish and then tied it to his boat. However, more dangerous fighting was awaiting him. On his way home, many fierce sharks began to attack him, and he tried his best to fight but failed to prevent the marlin from being eaten. Nothing was left but a skeleton. In the end, the old man brought the skeleton home and went to bed and had a dream.It is a simple story and it is not difficult to understand the literary meanings. However, what we get from reading the literal words compose only one-eight of Hemingways “Ice berg”, which means there is a small part on the surface. The other seven-eights of the deep meanings lies under the surface of the sea, in order to well understand the work, we need to make an intensive study of it.Santiago was considered as a heroic character by many scholars, while others have done some research on tragic feature of the work. However, few of them studied from the point of the revelation did the work bring to us, therefore, l would like to do some research on it.2. On Mans Tragic End-Viewed From The Old Man and The Sea Ernest Hemingways masterpiece The Old Man and The Sea, enjoyed great prestige in literary world, it can be a feast for those who do research on them for its rich connotation. Santiago, an old fisherman, the protagonist was regarded as a heroic character by many scholars. However, we might can say he was not a hero but a lonely, depressed poor old man, he could change nothing of the harsh reality if we see him in another perspective. The tragic feature occurs between the lines. It was the conflict between the old man and irresistible nature that made the writer think about the meaning and value of life. 2.1 The Solitary Circumstance and Unfortunate Fate The name of the novel implies loneliness and dolefulness, a watery wilderness and an old-aged man(Chen Yuanbin 2011). At the beginning of the novel, the author described the olds appearance and the living conditions. “The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic down the sides of his face sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handing heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated”(Ernest Hemingway 1995). From this depiction, a visual image of Santiago is given. He was really an old-aged man and having experienced the hardships of life. And in order to survive, he had to set sail to fish.In the following paragraphs, his living conditions were portrayed. “The shack was made of the tough bud-shields of the royal palm which are called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair and a palace on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal. On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Coble”(Ernest Hemingway 1995). The old mans house was very shabby and simple, and from the descriptions of the sail which patched with flour sacks at the very beginning, we can learned that the old man lived a very poor and miserable life. Besides, the little boy who helped the old man get food and and the scene that they had dinner was another case in point. “They had eaten with no light on the table and the old took off his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspaper that covered the springs of the bed”.On the other hand, he was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone 84 days and without taking a fish(Li Yuhua&Wu Dingxiang 2009). In the first 40 days a boy had been with him. But after 40 days without a fish, the boys parents asked him to go some other lucky boats. For 84 days, the old man did not catch a single fish, so we can not say that he was a man blessed by God and he was fortunate. The boy had to leave him at last and he set sail to fish by himself. In the novel, the alone old man and the boundless sea formed a striking contrast. Furthermore, the old man was laughed at by other fishermen and obviously he failed to integrate into their world(Jackson Benson 1969). And when he fished on the sea alone, he thought and wanted the little boy to accompany himself not only once, this contrasted the old mans solitary circumstance again. All of these indicated that the travail of life. It is not difficult for us to read tragic feature between lines. Life is not easy.2.2 Indomitable Spirit and Despairing FightWe can see the old mans indomitable spirit from the despairing fight with both the giant marlin and the sharks.For 84 days, he just did not catch a single fish and after a short rest, the old fisherman started off again in the next morning. This time he went far out and after one-day sailing, finally he found that he was already further out than he had hoped to be at this hour as it started to be light. At last, he caught a giant marlin but it was not easy to kill it at once. The fish moved steadily and they traveled slowly on the calm water. Nothing changed, the fish was still swimming steadily out to sea, towing the skiff, and the old man was still braced solidly with the line across his back. The old man tried his best to fight against the giant marlin. “He had pushed his straw hat hard down on his head before he hooked the fish and it was cutting his forehead. He was thirsty too and he got down on his knees and, being careful not to jerk on the line, moved as far into the bow as he could get and reached the water bottle with one hand. He opened it and drank a little. Then he rested against the bow. He rested sitting on the unstepped mast and sail and tried not to think but only to endure.”The giant marlin did not give up swimming and dragging the boat, and so did the old man, he grabbed the line tightly. They could do nothing with each other over the another night. Although the old man was hurt by the marlin, he did not want to give up for one second. He said that he would stay with the marlin until he dead. The longer duration they fought, the worse the old man got hurt. His back had stiffened and his hands were bleeding and cramped. He was very tried but did not think about let it go. He spent another night on the boat and kept the position with the marlin. He could not kill the giant marlin at once but keep fighting. He was faint and exhausted as the sun was rising for the third time since he had put to sea, he thought that the fish almost killed him not only once. At last, he felt faint and sick and tired and he could not see well when he killed the fish(Deng Lina 2009). However, more dangerous fighting was awaiting him. This time it was a fiercer fight than the one with marlin, it was the fight with sharks. His fight with sharks developed in four stages.On his way home, many fierce sharks began to attack him. He lost the harpoon and all the rope when he killed the first shark that it tore off about 40 pounds of flesh. Although he knew that the sharks were very fierce, he did not lose confidence, just as he said aloud:“But man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeatedThe dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent. But I was more intelligent than he was”.At the second stage, another two sharks came. Santiago killed one with his knife that was lashed to an oar, then he killed the other with greater difficulty. But a quarter of the best marlin meat was gone. Later, he killed a third shark, which has destroyed more of the marlin, and in the process his knife blade breaks. The third stage, two more sharks came at sunset. The old man was unable to kill them but injured them with a club made from an old broken oar. The fourth age, sharks came in a pack. Santiago fought them with a club and even the skiffs tiller, but the fight was turned out to be useless. Finally, the sharks have eaten the marlin, leaving him only a skeleton.In the novel, the old mans understanding of the relationship between human and nature, human and the society is different. His understanding of nature was to live or die, but it failed to work in humans society. Peoples success was not judged by his courage, but the result. Santiago, who was born in Mexico and was a sailor when he was young, he wanted to conquer nature at that time. Tired of the sea life, he settled down in Cuban. Having lived the simple life with nature, he failed to integrate into the local society. After his wifes death, his confidence was hurt, and he lived in his isolated world. In fact, the essence of catching a big fish was that to make up his depressed confidence (Tian Hua 2010).Finally, although he fought persistently, his failure was inevitable. The only confidence left in his heart was broken, and with the failure of being approved by others finally defeated him.2.3 The Ultimate Victory and Fruitless StruggleSantiago, the tragic character was presented by the result that the failure of fishing. It seemed that he won this battle with the sharks, he was not defeated by them. However, the old man did not defeat the sharks if we see from the perspective of the result. Although he tried his best, which we could see from the description of how he was on shore and went home, he failed to prevent the marlin from being eaten. He was not a winner but a loser from the reality aspect. After suffering from all the hardships, such as loneliness, hunger, weakness, cramp and and so on, he brought nothing else home but only his exhausted body and a skeleton. In our real life, peoples success judged by the achievements he accomplished but not how much effort did he make in the process. He was not accepted by other fishermen for his misfortune that he could not catch a single for several days, they did not care about no matter how skillful he was, but the result, the fact. He was a winner in spirit, not in real life. In most case, although what is accepted by others in general that as if the process of doing something is important, it always turns out to be that the result is more important because people will pay more attention on the result. There are many examples in our life, the other people have no idea of how much eff