ppt稿子同声传译.doc

In SI, the interpreter renders the message in the target-language as quickly as he or she can formulate it from the source language, while the source-language speaker continuously speaks; a spoken language SI interpreter, sitting in a sound-proof booth, speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. Interpreter place at the European Court of JusticeSi is both a simple and complicated process. the reason for being a simple process is that it can be depicted as the following diagram, from which the mystery of si would be broken. when the speaker in the forum with a microphone, the interpreter sits in the interpreters booth where he can always see the speaker through a tv screen or a window, listening with an earphone. then the interpreter renders interpretation through microphone and the listener receives the rendered information with his earphone.In the process, the speaker, the interpreter and the facilities greatly influence the quality of si. Concretely speaking, the content, logic, speed, accent and intonation of the speakers speech, have a direct bearing on how much information the interpreter can receive or how well he can receive.Si has its unique features in translation principles, which have been accumulated and aquired from interpreters practice. The interpreter has to give play to his creativity for further development and enrichment for si theory and practice because si is not only a skill, but an art as well. This section will focus on the four basic principles for si, as a tentetive summary, which is hoped to be beneficial to si study and practice.(1)in this principle, the interpreter divides his received information into sense-groups or units of meaning in accordance with the order of the source information, and then renders the whole meaning by combining them together.Due to the difference in word order between E&C, the interpreter should shorten the time lag with the speaker as much as possible and try to gain the initiative to avoid losing information.(2)It means that the interpreter makes some adjustment for the source information, consisting of correcting the mistakes of the rendition, supplementing the missing information by the interpreter in the process of si. For example, in English most adverbials of time or place is at the end of sentence, which differentiates from Chinese sentence structure. As a result, there is often an adverbial of time or place after a main clause.(3)it means the interpreter is able to render the incoming message beforehand in the case of incomplete information of the source message based on his capacity of language or working experience. generally speaking, anticipation can be distinguished into types: 1. linguistic or syntactic anticipation, based on the prediction of source discourse continuations from a knowledge of either collocations and formulas. 2. extralinguistic anticipation, which is based on external knowledge, or cognitive complements. In si, anticipation follows from capturing the coming sense, and is observable in a sudden increased confidence in output.for example, in the opening ceremony of conferences, the polite formula usually runs like this:“我谨代表/对与会代表表示热烈的欢迎/并预祝本次大会取得圆满成功!/” As an experienced interpreter, when the speaker begins his speech in 我谨代表，he can predict the whole speech in the case of incomplete information:“Please allow me to be on half ofto extend to our warmest welcome to the Participants of this conference” (4)Reformulation(信息重组)The principle of reformulation can be regarded as a general strategy of si. It means that the interpreter should take“concept of source information into account and reorganize it in the target language. Butthe reorganized“concept should be equivalent to the original one in the source language. However，the beginners of si often focus on“language，instead of“concept of the source information so they often get blocked in interpreting. As mentioned in Previous chapters，English differentiates from Chinese greatly ,which makes it almost imPossible to be identical comPletely in terms of structure between them. Therefore ,the interpreter should reformulate the target information in light of the meaning of the source information.(5)simplification(合理简约).It means that the interpreter adopts the method of simplifying language form，inducing and summarizing the source information when the listeners have trouble in understanding the direct rendition，esPeCially in the case of technical jargons. The frequency of the use of this Principle depends on the listeners background knowledge on the subject matter. If the listener is strange to the subject matter，the interpreter should simplify the jargons in interpreting to a certain degree.(6)Information一equivalence(信息等值). Faithfulness has been one of criteria of translation. But in si it is difficult to be completely faithful to the source information because interpreting is characterized by evanescence. The interpreter begins interpreting in the case of receiving incomPlete information from the sPeaker. He is required to reformulate the source information in short time and to make himself understood by the listener. Therefore，the interpreter has no time to deliberate on the original words，Phrases and Sentences and choose Perfect corresponding exPressions for them. What the interpreter should do is to understand the sPeakers main information and then to convey it to the listeners in the way that they can understand.The six basic translation PrinciPles for si are usually integrated in Practice and should not be used seParately. On the one hand，they will Play a key role in guiding how to render si in practice. on the other hand，the PrinciPles from si Practice will also greatly enrich its theory.Shadowing means to repeat what one hears at almost the same pace with the speaker;it is a parroting of the original speech. This is the basic step in simultaneous interpretation which can help the learners with attention-splitting, memory and concentration improvement. As a start,the learner can shadow his mother tongue for practice before he takes up the foreign language,and gradually he can expand the time span between what he hears and what he repeats, for example, the time span of a whole sentence. In fact, the shadowing exercise is a simulation of SI, which is much easier than SI itself in that shadowing does not require a converted production. Shadowing requires ones mind, ear and mouth to cooperate perfectly with each other and after following in this way a passage of about 10 minutes time, the learner should form a clear picture of what the passage talks about.countback. This method was originally used in University Paris III(ESIT)to train learners splitattention, which is shadowing taken to the next level. It requires learners to count backwards, for example: the students can write Arabic numbers from1,2,3 and up or count backwards from 100 while listening to the speech, and then asks them to summarize it to make sure they have understood what they have heard. The purpose of such exercise is to help learners further cultivate attention-split.Paraphrasing involves “the conversion of a message expressed in a given language into an equivalent message in the same language but worded differently.”(De Groot,1997:56)This exercise bears resemblance to shadowing, only that the repetition of words is substituted with the reexpressing of them. Paraphrasing has been regarded as highly similar to SI. For learners, paraphrasing not only helps them to develop quick understanding, a sense of style and usually complements efforts at vocabulary expansion; but also enhances their linguistic competence and cultivate their resourcefulness in overcoming difficulties in the interpreting process(林郁如等.1999:67).This stage requires the interpreter to listen to a given speech and take notes while listening to the input message. Then the interpreter is required to give as many details of the content of the speech as possible in retelling.While in summarizing the interpreter is required to give a relatively concise version that involves more understanding and reasoning.By putting an emphasis on the production component, Sight interpretation helps the learners to enhance their proficiency at language-switching, to internalize interpreting principles and strategies and to enhance the automaticity of production.This exercise usually involves pre-interpreting reading as preparation,so interpreters can solve their comprehension problems at that stage and focus their attention on improving their production in the exercise. Considering the special need of Chinese interpreters to improve their production in target language,sight interpretation can be a good beginning exercise for the interpreter.It is used as part of the interpreter-training program at the University of Ottawa and is also used as a selection tool for admission into the interpreting-training program. In this case, candidates are given five to ten minutes to prepare the written version of the message, and then are asked to deliver a sight interpretation of the text as it is being read to them through headphones. It is pointedout that “from a human processing perspective,sight interpretation appears to have more incommon with simultaneous interpretation”(Lambert,2004),therefore, it is adopted to trainsimultaneous interpreters.If conditions allow,it is recommendable to conduct simulated training which requires the learner to create a real site,say,to invite others to