公路工程造价的影响因素分析.doc

公路工程造价的影响因素分析摘要：实践证明，公路工程施工过程中，工程材料的使用过程就是工程造价接近实际的过程。为了适应市场经济的发展形势，工程造价对整个工程的影响是不容忽视的，所以笔者在此分析了会对工程造价造成影响的几个因素，并且提出了控制工程造价的几种方法，希望对相关的单位和施工人员有所帮助。关键词：公路工程；造价；影响因素 随着中国改革开放的发展，中国与世界经济接轨，公路工程建设的竞争压力越来越激烈，公路工程项目的造价关系到公路工程的施工质量与公路建设公司的运营与发展，为了确保公路工程造价管理能够保持稳定、健康的发展，公路工程造价对工程项目的影响因素分析成为公路工程设计与施工单位所关注的重点之一。一 影响公路工程造价的因素由于公路工程的建设有几个不同的阶段，所以在这个过程中，会影响公路造价的因素也有很多，下面可以概括出几个重要的方面：1工程的各项设计变化每个公路工程的项目都是从初期的筹备阶段开始进行设计，从任务书的设计到施工图纸的设计，到最后的竣工验收，这是一个逐渐深化和实践的过程。因此，会影响工程造价的因素不只有主观因素，也有客观因素。比如设计线线位的变化、桥涵位置变化等等很多不可遇见的因素会直接或间接的造成工程造价的增加或者减少，变更费用的数值也是不容忽视的。2施工材料和施工设备的价格浮动施工材料和设备经费是工程造价的重要方面，所以施工材料和设备价格的变动直接影响着整个工程的造价，对于施工材料来说，材料的成本、运输和装卸费的不同时期的变化都会直接影响到工程造价的增减。较长施工工期的公路工程，随着市场上材料及设备价格不断的变动，工程造价会发生明显的变化。3地质条件变化在公路施工过程中经常会遇到地质条件的变化，比如地下和水下的变化都会从影响工程量的增减方面直接影响到工程造价的变化。下面我们以道路桥涵方面的工程为例子，会影响工程造价的主要有两个方面，一是地质变化丰富；二是施工之处地下水丰富，施工过程中可能会需要抽水作业，从而增加了工程造价。4定额费用的变化通常情况下，定额费用的标准是工程造价的依据，所以，定额费用中的间接费用、计划利润率等标准的变化，都会影响公路工程造价的增减。5人工费的变化虽然人工费在整个工程造价中所占的比例并不是很大，但是也不能轻易忽视。近年来，随着经济水平的发展，人们生活水平提高，工资水平也相应的进行了调整，所以人员工资的变化也会在一定程度上影响工程的造价。6不定因素影响这里所说的不定因素是指自然灾害会对公路施工工程造成的影响，比如洪水、地震对道路工程的影响，造成的损失是很难预见的。7实践过程和认识过程的偏差随着公路工程施工的进展，就是一个施工初期认识过程到实践过程的过渡，也是一个将施工图纸逐渐变成真实施工的过程，这个过程中间不免会因为各种因素造成偏差，所以在施工时，要根据实际情况不断的进行修正。不同阶段的修正，也会造成工程造价的增减变化。二 控制工程造价变化的方法1工程设计变更审批制度的管理与控制工程设计变更由工程项目的主管单位经过严格的监管与审批进行管理与控制的，其目的是为了防止施工单位不按照施工项目清单和施工图纸进行施工，任意增加工程项目或者改变工程使用材料，从而造成工程项目的建设费用增加。工程设计变更是需要通过施工的建设单位、监理单位和设计单位三方面进行审批才可变更的，工程设计的变更要有助于提高工程的质量、缩短工程施工的工期、降低施工的成本，如不按照工程项目的施工图纸和工程项目清单任意更改工程项目设计将对违规和违反施工合同进行严格的处罚。2公路工程造价中的固定价与非固定价公路工程造价中的固定价一般用于工程施工中的短期工程或者动态因素较少的项目，固定价的确定可以适当考虑工程的动态因素影响，增加包干系数。公路工程造价中的非固定价一般用于工程施工中的长期工程或者动态因素较大的项目。非固定价是采用按实际调价范围的方法动态的对工程造价进行调整。3运用科学的方法调整工程材料的价差工程施工材料价格的变动在公路工程造价中是经常发生的，不同的施工单位对价格的调价方法有所不同，有的采用按照工程材料的综合系数进行调价，有的按照不同工程类别进行调价，也有根据材料用量进行调价。调整工程材料差价的方法不同，得到的结果也不同，所以本文提出的是采用计算工程材料调价系数并按照综合系数调整其他材料系数的方法动态的分析能够更加科学的调整工程材料的价差。4及时掌握工程施工材料的价格变动信息市场经济条件下，工程施工材料价格的变动会对工程项目施工的整体造价带来一定的影响，要及时的掌握工程施工材料价格的变化及趋势，并对新兴材料的性能及价格进行分析，建立工程施工材料价格信息系统，更好的对工程项目做出正确的预算，降低工程项目的投资。5公路工程施工中不可预测的造价因素处理在公路工程施工中对于自然因素如洪水、地震、泥石流等对公路工程施工带来的额外费用增加和因人为因素造成的工程损失需要做出风险应急预案，并合理的预留备用资金。三 结束语通过动态的分析公路工程造价因素，迎合市场经济的发展规律，认真选用新型的公路工程项目施工材料，规范施工合同，在实际的公路工程施工中，工程造价将得以很好的控制和管理。参考文献：1 赵健雄. 浅谈工程监理施工阶段的工程造价控制J. 建设监理，2006（3）2 刘军. 试论建筑施工企业项目工程造价控制中存在的问题及解决办法J. 北京交通大学，20043 李桂霞. 公路工程项目预算及决算J. 交通世界，20074 杜可可. 重庆市工程造价信息及指数系统平台建立与应用研究J. 重庆大学，2007Pick to: the practice proves that the highway engineering construction process, engineering material use process is the process of engineering cost is close to actual. In order to adapt to the development of the market economy situation, the project cost impact on the whole project cannot be ignored, so the author here analyses the several factors that can affect project cost, and puts forward several methods of the control of construction cost, hope will be helpful to related unit and construction personnel. Key words: highway engineering; Construction cost; Factors affecting the Along with the development of Chinas reform and opening up, China and the world economy, the highway engineering constructions pressure is more and more fierce competition, cost of highway engineering project is related to the construction of highway engineering quality and highway / / / construction and development, the company is run in order to ensure that highway project cost management can maintain stable and healthy development, the influence factors of highway engineering cost of project analysis become highway engineering design and construction units is one of the focus. The influencing factors of highway engineering cost Because there are several different stages of highway engineering construction, so in the process, will the influencing factors of highway construction cost also has a lot of, the following several important conclusions can be made: 1. In all kinds of engineering design changes Every highway engineering projects from initial planning stage began to carry on the design and specification from the design to the construction drawings design, to final completion acceptance, it is a process of gradually deepening and practice. Affects the factors of project cost, therefore, not only subjective factors, there are objective factors. Such as design lines a and Bridges location changes, and so on many unforeseen factors will directly or indirectly lead to project cost increase or decrease, change cost value is also nots allow to ignore. 2. The fluctuating prices of construction materials and construction equipment Construction materials and equipment budget is an important aspect of the project cost, so changes in the prices of construction materials and equipment directly influences the whole engineering cost, for construction materials, the cost of materials, transportation, and handling charge of different periods of change will directly affect the project cost increase or decrease. Longer construction period of the highway engineering, as the materials and equipment on the market price changes, project cost will change obviously. 3. The geological conditions change In highway construction process often encounter geological conditions change, such as the change in the underground and underwater will from the influence of quantities directly affect the project cost increase or decrease in the future. Below we to road bridge engineering as an example, will affect project cost mainly has two aspects, one is the rich geological changes; The second is the construction of rich groundwater, construction process may need pumping operation, thus increasing the project cost. 4. The fixed fee changes Typically, fixed cost standard is the basis of engineering cost, therefore, fixed cost of indirect costs, project profit margins, such as standards change, increase or decrease will affect the highway project cost. 5. The change of labor Although the artificial cost proportion in the whole project cost and is not very big, but it cannot be easily ignored. In recent years, along with the development of the economy, improve peoples living standard, the wages adjusted accordingly, so the personnel salary changes will also affect project cost to a certain extent. 6. Uncertain factors Uncertain factors here refers to the natural disasters will be on the impact of highway construction project, such as flood, earthquake influence on road engineering, the loss is difficult to foresee. 7. The practice process and deviation in the process of cognition With the progress of the highway engineering construction, construction process early to practice is a process of transition, is also a construction drawings will gradually become a real construction process, the process inevitably among deviation caused by the various factors, so in the construction, should be constantly amended according to the practical situation. Correction of also causes the project cost at different stages of change. Two ways to control the project cost change 1. Engineering design change approval system of management and control Engineering design changes by the engineering project, the director of the unit through strict supervision and examination and approval of management and control, its purpose is to prevent the construction unit is not in accordance with the construction project list and construction drawings for construction, any increase or change the project engineering project material, resulting in the construction of the project cost. Engineering design change is needed by the construction of the construction unit, supervision unit and design unit three aspects carries on the examination and approval to change, engineering change should help improve project quality, shorten the construction period, lower construction costs, such as not according to the construction drawings of the project and project list any changes to the project design will strict punishment on violations and breach of contract construction. 2. The fixed price and the fixed price of highway engineering cost Fixed price is generally used in construction of highway engineering cost in the short term project or less dynamic factors, determination of fixed price can be appropriate to consider the engineering of dynamic factors, increase coefficient of responsibility. The fixed price of highway engineering cost is generally used in long-term projects or dynamic factors in the construction of large projects. The fixed price is adopt the method of pricing according to the actual scope of dynamic adjustments to the project cost. 3. Adjust the engineering material price with scientific method Engineering construction material price changes is frequent in the highway engineering cost, cost for the different construction units pricing method is different, some use pricing shall be carried out in accordance with the comprehensive coefficient of engineering materials, some pricing shall be carried out in accordance with the different project category, there are pricing according to material consumption. Engineering material price difference adjustment method is different, the result is also different, so in this paper is to use computational engineering material price adjustment coefficient and comprehensive coefficient adjustment coefficient of other materials in accordance with the method of dynamic analysis can more scientific engineering material price adjustment. 4. Master construction material price change information in a timely manner Market economy condition, engineering construction materials price changes on the overall construction of the project cost bring certain effect, to timely grasp of construction material price change and trend, and analyze the performance and price of emerging materials, building material price information system construction, and better for the project to make the right budget, reduce the investment of the project. 5. Unpredictable cost factors in the highway engineering construction process In highway engineering construction for the natural factors such as flood, earthquake, mud-rock flow of