倒装语序.doc

新课标倒装语序的用法倒装语序分为全部倒装和部分倒装，把整个谓语动词提到主语前面称为全部倒装，通过将助动词提前引起的倒装称为部分倒装。1 本单元出现的全部倒装有下列两种：助动词 / 情态动词 / be+主语，表示前面的否定情况也适应于另一者。例如：（1） neither / nor+助动词 / 情态动词 / be+主语，表前面的否定情况也适应于另一者。例如：The first one was not good; neither was the second (one). 第一个不好，第二个也不好。拓展：so+助动词 / 情态动词 / be+主语，表前面的肯定情况也适应于另一者。例如：He is a clever student, and so are you. 他是一个聪明的学生，你也一样。（2）当直接引语在前面时，就构成了全部倒装。例如： “Be quick!” said Tom. 汤姆说“快点”。（3） 表示位置的副词或介词短语(例如：here, there, out, in, up, down, away, now)充当的状语位于句首，谓语动词是不及物动词时，句子要用全部倒装。例如： Under the tree lies two little girls. 两个小女孩躺在树下。特别提示：在这些副词或介词短语开头的句子中，如果主语是名词，则用全部倒装形式。但如果是代词作主语，则不能是把谓语提到主语前面。例如：Here comes the boy. 那男孩来了。Here they come. 他们来了。2 本单元出现的部分倒装有下列几种：（1） only放于句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句。例如：Only in this way can you master English. 只有用这种方式你才能掌握英语。（2） not only. but also引导并列分句且位与句首时，not only分句用部分倒装，but also不用倒装。例如：Not only did he teach English in the school, but he also wrote novels. 他不但在这所学校里教英语，而且还写小说。拓展：以never, hardly, seldom, little, often,at no time, not once等词语开头的句子（多表示否定），也用部分倒装语序。例如：Little did he know who the woman was. 他几乎不知道这个女士是谁。拓展：在no sooner. than., hardly.when., scarcely.when (before). 和not until 句型中，若否定词位于句首，句子也用部分倒装。另外，so和such开头的句子，也往往用部分倒装。例如：No sooner had the teacher gone out than the telephone rang. 老师一出去电话铃就响了。英语中的语序与倒装A. 英语句子语序常态英语句子主要成分在句中的顺序是相对稳定的，句子成分按相对稳定的顺序出现，就是英语句子的语序常态(normal word order)。英语主要句子成分的常态语序一般遵循主语在前，谓语位于主语之后，如句子还需要宾语或表语，它们又在谓语动词之后的规律。The use of advanced techniques by farmers who could afford them could raise their incomes through increased productivity although prices went down.虽然价格下跌，用得起先进技术的农民仍可以通过提高生产力来拉架自己的收入。The ratio in the table shows the extent to which value added in agriculture has been protected relative to valur added in industry.表中的比率表明与工业增值相比农业增值所受到的保护程度。Now I was being given the responsibility to help steer my adopted country through one of the gravest constitutional crises of its history.如今我被赋予了一项重大的责任，要协助领导这个养育我的国家度过她历史上一场最严重的宪法危机。If we discipline ourselves to adopt periodically a “nonege” state, we can perceptively drink in the full meaning of a situation without imposing ourselves upon it.倘若我们训练自己定期地置身于“无我”状态，我们就能敏锐地领会局势的全部含义，而不会受骗上当。The idea of fighting to protect ourselves where necessary and of concentrating at chosen points to destroy the enemy is difficult to express.但在必要时为保全自己而战，选择战场，集结兵力以歼灭敌人等种种战术思想，实在难以用言语予以说明。Heavier atoms, such as those of plutonium, also important for the release of atomic energy, have been made artificially from uranium.更重的原子如钛原子（它对原子能释放也起着极为重要的作用），是用人工方法从铀中制造出来的。Events of the past week had also demonstrated how precarious was the base from which our diplomacy was operating.上周的事态演变表明我们从事外交活动的基础是何等的不牢固。B. 倒装 倘若主语位于谓语动词或其他成分之后，人们就称其为倒装语序（inverted word order）。倒装语序是一种非常态语序，是语言使用者为了达到特定的交际目的所使用的特殊的语言形式。对于倒装句，学习者应该从总体上知道倒装句是对句子常态的背离；注意把握交际者使用倒装句的确切交际目的及信息类别；使用语言进行交际时应该用恰当的语言形式，行使特定的交际功能，要避免胡乱倒装。从形态着眼，倒装句分为完全倒装与部分倒装两类。完全倒装是指整个谓语动词部分都置于主语之前倒装。完全倒装往往用在谓语词为be动词的疑问句中，或为了达到某种特定的交际目的将副词词组、分词词组以及介词词组置于句首时使用的倒装。例如：Off went the alarm clock. 闹钟突然响了。The door burst open and in rushed the children.门猛地开了，孩子们一下子涌了进来。Away went the steamer with a whistle.一声汽笛长鸣，轮船拔锚开走了。Hidden bdhind the desk was a beautiful doll.藏在书桌后边的是一个漂亮的布娃娃。Here comes the bus!公共汽车来了！Here is your coat. 这是你的外套。Out rushed a man with coat unbuttoned and boots unfastened.After lightning and thunder came a heavy downpour.一阵雷鸣电闪过后，大雨倾盆而下。 部分倒装 部分倒装是指谓语动词的一部分（往往是谓语部分中的第一个主助动词或情态助动词）置于主语之前， 谓语动词的其余部分仍置于主语之后的倒装句。部分倒装常见于谓语动词包含了两个或两个以上部分的疑 问句，否定词或准否定词位于句首的句子，有时也见于表示让步意义的句子。后两种句子的谓语部分若没 有情态助动词或主助动词，需要添加主助动词再将主助动词置于主语之前。例如：Have you done your homework?你做完家庭作业了吗？Will you do me a favor?请帮个忙好吗？Can I speak to you a moment?我可以跟你说几句话吗？Does anyone dare to call me a liar?有谁敢说我是个者？Shall we be back in time?我们会及时回来吗？Little did she know the real situation. 她一点都不知道真实情况。Seldom have I heard such beautiful singing. 我很少听到过如此美妙的歌声。Hardly could he wait to hear the news. 他迫不及待地要听这消息。“Barely were we able to keep up with garbage collection during the watermelon season.” The sanitation worker said.在西瓜旺季我们几乎没法及时收垃圾了，这位环保工人说。 倒装句的交际功能英语句子的常态语序是主语谓语（宾语/表语）。倒装语序是为了适应某种特定的交际目的而使用的非常态语序。了解促使说话人/作者使用倒装语序的交际目的，对准确把握句子的类别及信息大致走向乃至准确领悟句子传递的确切信息无疑大有好处。按交际功能分为语法的倒装和修辞的倒装。a) 语法的倒装语法的倒装是指为适应表达某种特定的语法功能的需要而使用的形式较为固定的倒装句式，语法倒装常见于疑问句、让步从句、存现句、省略了If的条件从旬、部分特殊的感叹句以及由so, not等引导的表示相似情况的某些句子。 疑问倒装疑问倒装可以是部分倒装也可以是完全倒装。显而易见，疑问倒装的交际功能不是传递信息，而是询问及要求获取信息或对某些信息表示质疑。例如：Why do you always argue against me?你为何老和我唱反调。How would you attack the unemployment problem?你将如何着手解决失业问题呢？Did you catch my point? 你懂得我的意思了吗？How should he ever dream that his movement should be watched from under the water?他怎么会想到竟有人从水下监视他的行动呢？Cant you stop fooling?你不能不犯傻吗？Am I given to understand that he is a liar? 是要告诉我他是大骗子吗？Why did he have to go and spoil everything?他干咳非把什么事都搞糟不可？Had she the cheek to ask for more money? 她竟有脸再要钱？Will you make a fourth at mahjong?打麻将三缺一，你加入好吗？I cant see myself lending her money, can you see her ever paying it back?我不能设想自己借钱给她，你想她这人借钱还会还吗？What do you take me for? 你把我当什么人了？How long does a sleeping pill take to work?安眠药需要多长时间才起作用？特殊疑问句中倘若疑问词充当主语或主语修饰语，则不用倒装语序。例如：Who is going to stand treat?谁来请客？What takes you away so early?你为什么这么早就要走？Which of these books is yours?这些书中哪一本是你的？Who left without permission?是谁未经允许离开了？Whose book is lost?谁的书丢了？ 让步倒装以as引导的让步状语从句将句子表语或主动词置于句首时，从句的主语如为名词词组，需要使用主谓倒装语序，主语如为代词，则使用常态语序，仅使用表语或主动词置于句首的倒装句式。英语中还有一种中古英语残余的be+主语（ever）表语的倒装句式，表达的也是让步意义。例如：Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.虽然这显得有点儿不可思议，事故中却没人受伤。Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do. 虽然我很想，但我有很多事情要做。Object as you may. Ill go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。Dream like as was the story, it was true. 尽管这故事像梦幻一样，但它却是真的。Try as you may, you will never succeed. 不管你怎样努力，都不会成功。Home is home, be it ever so homely.Happen what may, we shall not change our mind.不管发生什么事，我们都不改初衷。Be it rainy or sunny, the match will be played as scheduled.无论阴晴，比赛都将如期举行。Be the boy ever so tall, he is only 10.Be he ever so clever, he became the victim of his of his own cleverness.尽管她绝顶聪明，结果聪明反被聪明误。 虚拟倒装虚拟条件句活力引导if 后，从句需要使用倒装语序，此外，一些表示祝愿意义的虚拟句也需要使用倒装语序。例如：Should he change his mind, no one would blame him.如果他要改变主意，也不见得会有人责怪他。Had it not been for his kind help, I could not have got such gigantic achievement.倘若不是他善意相助，我不可能取得如此巨大的成绩。Were I to do that what would you say? 假如我那样做，你会怎么说？May you live long！祝君长寿！May you succeed!祝你成功！Mary he never set foot in this house again!但愿他永远不再走进这幢房子！Long live the great unity of the people of the world!全世界人民大团结万岁！ 存现/认同/引语倒装在以there引导的表示存现意义的句子及以so, nor等引导的表示上文情况也同样适用的意义的句子及在直接引用某人所说的话以后再加说话人及表示语言、思维动作动词的句子中，也往往要使用倒装语序。例如：There appears growing evidence to the contrary.越来越多的反证显现了。There remained just a little money. What was to be done?只剩下一点点钱了，怎么办呢？There existed different opinions on this question.对这个问题曾有人有过不同的看法。Theres something that keeps upsetting them.有往事一直使他们心烦意乱。You are clever and so is you brother. 你很聪明，你弟弟也一样。He quickened his pace and so did I. 他加快了步伐，我也一样。If he is allowed to leave, so should I。要是准许让他走，也该准许我走。They are happy, nor need we worry. 他们很幸福，我们不必操心。The day was bright, now were there clouds above. 天气晴朗，又是万里无云。I havent read the book, nor do I intend to. 这本书我没有读过，也不想读。John cant swim, nor can I. 约翰不会游泳，我也不会。“I have something to tell you.” said Mary. 玛丽说：“我有话要对你说。”“thats just what I am afraid of.” Thought Johnny, but did not say so.我担心的就是这个。约翰尼心里想，但他嘴上没有说出来。A :”I am not satisfied at all.”B :”neither am I.”我一点也不满意，我也不满意。b) 修辞倒装修辞倒装是指说话人/作者为了达到某种特定的修辞效果或为了舆某种特定的信息（包括语用信息）而使用的倒装语序。下面列举的各类倒装句中，有时可能出现意义重叠的现象，如表示感慨意义的倒装句同时也可能表示了突显强调的意义。1) 表示感慨意义的倒装有时，说话人为了表示感慨的意义，可能将某些形容词或形容词连词so等副词或否定词置于句首，这时，句子需要用倒装语序。例如：So absurd is the idea that number 13 brings bad luck.认为十三这个数字不吉利的想法何其荒谬。So absolutely preposterous is this comment. 这种评论真是荒谬绝伦。Strange creatures were women! 女人真是奇怪的生物！Never have I seen such a mess! 我还从来没见过如此零乱的场面！So bleak and desolate was the scenery that she could not keep tears from trickling down her cheeks.景色十分荒凉，她潸然泪下。Great was the labor, priceless the road. 工作何其艰辛、道路弥足珍贵。2) 表现突显意义的倒装句倒装句有时将句子中的某些部分置于句首，可以达到突显、强调该部分的修辞效果。例如：For a long time, he refused to talk to his wife and kept her in ignorance of his trouble equally strange was his behavior to his son.他在很长时间内都不肯与妻子谈及这件事，不让她知道自己的烦恼。在儿子眼里，他的行为也同样显得十分古怪。Many a tradesman had she coaxed and wheeled into good humor, and into the granting of one meal more.她曾花言巧语哄得许多许多商人性情渐移，慨然应允再次作东请客吃饭。Not a word did he utter.他一句话也没说。On the mountain slope stands a tall straight polar tree.山坡上立有环环相扣高大挺拔的白杨树。Into the house ran the children.孩子们跑进屋来。Behind him came a rather short man in a black business suit.随后跟进来一个穿了一身黑色商人服装的矮个子男人。On no account must you go out today.你今天绝不能出去。No sooner had they spy returned home than he was told to go to another country. 那名谎报人员刚刚回国又奉命另去别的国家。Only this morning came my ladys nephew Mr. Franklin.偏巧今天早上，我夫人的外甥弗兰克林就来了。Here is the lady youve been wanting to see.你渴望见到的女士在这里。Here comes our teacher.我们老师来了。Away went the motorbike like a whirlwind. 摩托车风驰电掣般的开走了。Down went the ship in the storm.轮船在风暴中沉没了。Out of the gate rushed a fierce hunting dog. 从门里扑出来的一头凶猛的猎犬。3) 行使衔接功能的倒装句有时一个句子需要倒装才能使某个句子成分与上、下文衔接紧密，倘若不使用倒装语序，突然出现的主语或话题可能因缺乏必要的铺叙而显得突兀、生硬，甚至可能成为不可接受的句子。例如：Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it. I have never been able to track down.倘若上例中后边一句不将宾语置于句首，突然出现的找故事的话题会让读者感到生硬、突然，接受。当然，按常态语又如：As a matter of lopsided fact, the U.S today, with a more 5th of the population,consumes as much man-made coolness as the whole rest of the world put together. Just as amazine is the speed with which this situation came to be.上例中第二段以类比的方式借助倒装语序起句，句首的表语起到了承上启下的作用，使两段文字水乳交融，联系紧凑，浑然一体。4) 表示委婉请求意义的倒装句有时，一个使用倒装语序的句子可以表达请求的含义，当然这种请求是隐含的意义，就像说“某处有某事需要做”，即隐含有请受话人去做的意义一样。例如：Up in the room. On the nightstand, is a pinkish-reddish envelope that has to go outimmediately.Up in the office are so many affairs that have to be handled within 12 hours.Up in your room is so much homework that needs to be done before you go to bed.Out in the fields is so much work to be finished before dark.5) 表示描绘意义的倒装句这类倒装句往往将表示动作方位意义的副词置于句首，获得强烈的动感及生动形象描绘效果，主语如为名词词组，句子后边部分需要倒装，如为代词，则主谓用常态语序。例如：Away went the car like a whirl wind. 汽车风驰电掣般地开走了。In comes a solider. 一下子闯进一名士兵。Out rushed a group of noisy boys. 一群吵吵嚷嚷的男孩子一下子涌了出来。Down went Peter with a cry that rang high in the night.Up went this roaring dragonfly in which Perter was sitting up they went and up until the world seemed rarely all sea and the coast was far away.彼得呆坐其中的这只蜻蜓呼啸轰鸣着腾空而起。蜻蜓越飞越高，到后来，地球几乎成了一片汪洋，海岸也仅仅是遥遥在望。 倒装句中前置语类型倒装句还可以按句首前置语的类型来分类。本节不涉及疑问倒装。例如：1) 否定词（组）、准否定词（组）前置倒装Never has a depreciatory word been uttered behind his back.从来没有人在背后过他。Hardly had we begun the climb when the snow began to come down.我们刚一开始爬山就下起雪来了。Scarcely had I stepped out of the house when I heard a shot within.我刚走出屋子就听到里面一场枪响。Under no circumstances should you see them again. 你无论如何不该再和他们见面了。No sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.我刚，电话铃就响了。Little did she know the real situation.她一点也不了解实情。Not a penny of the money did he spend.那笔钱他一个子儿也没花。On no account should we desert our ship.无论如何我们都不应弃船逃生。At no time will China be he first to use nuclear weapons.中国在任何时候决不首先使用核武器。Nowhere else could one find such beautiful scenery.别处找不到如此美丽的景色。2) 分词前置倒装置于句首的可以是现在分词也可以是过去分词，现在分词词组置于句首时，往往含有动态含义，过去分词词组置于句首，则往往具有状态意义。例如：Marching at the head of the procession was Mr. Wang, the organizer of the incident.走在队伍前边的是此次事件的组织者王先生。Flowing quietly in the deep valley was a clear little stream.在深谷中静静流淌的是一条清澈的小溪。Sitting at the kitchen table was our missing uncle.坐在厨房点子旁边的正是我失踪不见了的叔叔。Scattering in the vast South Sea are numerous peal-like isles.星星点点在散布在广阔无垠的南海上是许多明珠似的小岛Hidden in the cellar were several barrels of wine.地窖里藏有几桶酒。Concealed from the road by a small wood was a dilapidated old cottage.隐没在一小树木里的是一座破败的旧屋，旧屋从路上看不见。Caught in the rush was a blue-eyed girl.挤在人流中动弹不得的是一位蓝眼睛的姑娘。Squeezed into the snitcase were his articles for daily use.拿进手提箱里的是他的一些日常生活用品。Buried in the sands was an ancient village.掩埋在沙漠里的是一座古代的村落。3) 副词前置倒装Then came the exciting moment.这时激动人心的时刻到来了。Now comes his opportunity to display his talents