副词从句.doc

副词从句从句的从属地位，表现为结构完整的句子只相当于一个词的地位，根据其所相当的词性，分别为形容词从句，副词从句和名词从句。副词从句作状语，往往修饰的是谓语动词或者整个句子，因此不像定语从句或名词从句一样与某一个部分纠结在一起。它往往与主句相对，与主句界限分明。位于句首时，状语从句还常以逗号与主句分开。Ive brought my umbrella in case it rains.Ive brought my umbrella because it is raining.Ive brought my umbrella so that I dont get wet.Ive brought my umbrella even though its not raining.You dont need an umbrella unless it is raining.副词从句的从属连词标志从句的存在；表示从句与主句之间的逻辑关系；从属连词不是从句的组成成分，后跟一个结构完整的句子。所以对于副词从句，关键是要找到从属连词，判断其表示与主句属于何种关系。 从属连词归纳when, while, as, before, After, since, till, until, as soon as 一些时间名词：the moment, the instant, the day, the minute, next time, every time;一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly;固定搭配的连词：no soonerthan, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen.地点状语从句 Where wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句 because, as, for, since seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as目的状语从句 so that, on order that, that lest, for fear that, in case;In the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that结果状语从句 sothat, so that, suchthat such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that条件状语从句 if, unless suppose, supposing, providing, provided(supposed, provide非从句连词)sn condition that, so long as, as long as让步状语从句 although, though, even though, even if while(一般用于句首)，as(用于倒装结构)Wh-ever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whetheroras + adj. +主谓结构用于句首比较状语从句 as, than 其他比较句型：the morethe more; just as, so; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more than; not A so much as B/not so much A as B方式状语从句 as, the way1. 时间状语从句表示将来时间时，从句用一般现在时Ill speak to him when he arrives. (when he will arrive*)When I fall in love, itll be forever, or Ill never fall in love. When I give my heart, itll be complete, or Ill never give my heart.*表“将来”的情态动词往往是用于基于一定条件的推测，而不用于表示作为前提的时间或条件等。When: 某一时刻Ill speak to him when he arrives.有时也可接延续动词，如：The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.*When有时不作“当时候”讲，而是相当于“，这时”，这是需要特别注意的用法。A detective arrested a criminal and was about to handcuff him when a huge gust of wind blew the detectives hat off.考题I was walking along the road _ suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. (CET-4)a. immediatelyb. when*c. the momentd. whileWhenever: 无论何时Whenever you say “I love you”, mean it. Whenever you say “Im sorry”, look the person right in the eyes.While: 相当于during that time, 表示一个时间段，故一般只接延续动词。The phone rang while I was taking my bath.*由“同时”而引申，while表示的另一个重要的关系是“对比”。until单独使用：主句谓语动词为延续性动词，表示“到为止”。Wait until he comes back.Well stay here till it stops raining.Until I came back, he was waiting for me at my home.Notuntil: 主句谓语动词为短暂动词，意为“直到才”。I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.One will never realize how much and how little he knows until he starts talking.Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock last night.He didnt leave the office until his boss came back.Not until: 主句倒装Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smileIt was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled. (为上句的强调结构)一就as soon as, the minute/the moment/the instant, immediately, directly, instantly:It began to rain as soon as/immediately/the moment I arrived home.Hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthanNo sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Hardly/scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain.No sooner had we begun having dinner than the doorbell rang.2 地点状语从句通常由where引导Stay where you are.，work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental from. (TOEFL 2000)a. They occur where they areb. Occurring wherec. Where they occur* d. Where do they occurI have kept that portrait _ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. (96-01 CET-4)a. whichb. where*c. whetherd. when也可由wherever, anywhere, everywhere引导Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home.Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.Wherever there is water, air and earth, there is vegetation.3原因状语从句because表因果关系的语气最强，用来回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的。You want to know why I am leaving? I am leaving because Im fed up with the job and boss.My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.在主句是否定的情况下，because从句的理解有两种情形。I didnt marry her because I lived her.因为我爱她，所以我决定不跟她结婚。 我并不是因为爱她才和她结婚。Since表示人们已知的事实，不须强调的原因，故常译成“既然”，通常放在句首。Since you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me?考题You are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99-06 CET-6)a. Forb. Sincec. Befored. WhileAsAs与 since用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不须用because加以强调。She didnt hear us come in as she was asleep.I left a message as you werent there.As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be close.I have to speak English with them, as the guys I live with dont know any Chinese.For对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。The days were short, for it was now December.It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.比较：because it rained last night, the ground is wet this morning.It must be morning, for the birds are singing.Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes.比较：as, for引导的主从句，重要性相对平等；because从句则显得比主句重要，强调原因；since则从句次于主句，重在说明将要做什么事。4 目的状语从句从属连词有：so that, in order that或that等，从句中常含有情态动词。The teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly.*联想省略后的不定式in order to do/so as to do（逻辑主语或相同）或in order for sb to do（逻辑主语不同时）。They carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.The teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly._ Measure matter we must have units of weight, volume and length. (CET-4)a. In orderb. In order to*c. So asd. So as to*so as to不可用于句首。因为so本意为“如此”，只有先说了些什么，才谈得上“如此”“怎样”。Lest, for fear(that), in case: 以免、以防，深怕Take an umbrella with you lest it should rain.People evacuated the building for fear that the wall should collapse.She cleans the window with great care lest she might break the window.We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face, for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.5. 结果状语从句sothat, suchthat, so (that), such thata “John Hancock” is a persons signature. John Hancock was the first person to sign the American “Declaration of Independence”. He signed it so large and bold that now we use his name to refer to anyones signature.Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.Such that相当于so + 形容词His anger was such that he lost control of himself.The weather is so hot that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.考题the performance was such _ the audience was deeply moved. (CET-4) a. asb. that*c. sod. so that*省略式为so/suchas to, such as toHe was such a fool as to believe him.He was so foolish as to believe him.考题 His story is _ to arouse our sympathy. a. such as*b. so sadc. too sadd. so sad as The windows are _ small as not to admit much light at all. (CET-4) a. veryb. asc. tood. so* Would you be _ do me a favor, please? (CET-4) a. so kind tob. kind as toc. as kind tod. so kind as to*so, such的区别有不定冠词时，两者皆可用，用法不同such a(an) + 形容词 + 单数可数名词so + 形容词 + a(an) + 单数可数名词so beautiful a flowersuch a beautiful flowerso nice a daysuch a nice day无冠词时，只用suchsuch beautiful flowers, such nice days*so beautiful flowerssuch nice weather, such great patienceso great patience但表数量的形容词前一般用soso many flowers, so much patience, so much fun, so few cars, so little care考题Although apples do not grow during the cold seasons, apple trees must have a such season in order to flourish. (TOEFL)Recently in the automobile industry, multinational companies have developed to the point where such few cars can be described as having been made entirely in one country. (TOEFL) 考题the police called off their research for the survivors of the air crash because of _.a. such bad weather*b. so badc. such a bad weatherd. too bad a weathersuch直接与名词相连, so直接与形容词相连。Such patience, such a fool, such a day, such weatherSo stupid, so excited, so patient6. 条件状语从句该类从句连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。1if引导真实条件句【真题例句】And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.（2005阅读1）【结构分析】此句为复合句。逗号前为if引导的条件状语从句，主句中第二个or并列两个谓语refused to accept 和 tossed 构成的主干the other either tossed her own token, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber。【参考译文】如果一只猴子完全不需要用她的代币交换就可以得到葡萄的话，那么另一只猴子就会将代币扔向研究人员或扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受黄瓜片。2if引导非真实条件句【真题例句】If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.（2001阅读3）【结构分析】if引导非真实条件句，从句采用if+did，与现在相反，主句为would do形式。其中now focused narrowly on race and gender我们可以理解为分词后置作定语，全句主干部分为it would open up its diversity programand look for reporters，其中reporters后又跟who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词reporter，关系代词who在从句中作主语。【参考译文】假如新闻界注意到了这一问题（参见前文），就应该开办多样化项目-现在项目狭隘地局限于种族和性别，并且寻找世界观、价值观、教育程度和社会阶层大不相同的各类记者。3lest引导虚拟结果【真题例句】They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.（2003阅读2）【结构分析】本句是复合句。逗号前为主句，后面是lest引导的状语从句，多采用虚拟语气，lest+should do（should可省略）。【参考译文】他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时作出反应，以免动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一副虚假的真理的外衣。注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时，只能用现在时态或过去时态表示将来时。7. 方式状语从句由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导，如：【真题例句】During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.（2006英译汉）【结构分析】本句主句在逗号前，as引导方式状语从句，译为用像一样的方式。【参考译文】科学家在一生大部分时间里都会认为他的职业准则是理所当然的，这和商人一样。【真题例句】On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007-47)【结构分析】本句主句it links these concepts to everyday realities，介词短语in a manner 作方式状语，后面which引导的定语从句修饰manner。关系代词which在从句中作主语。在此从句中，又包含as引导的方式状语从句as they cover and comment on the news。【参考译文】另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。【真题例句】But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. She adds.（2009阅读1）【结构分析】本句主句部分在句首，由被动语态充当。逗号后为方式状语从句，由连词as引导。【参考译文】她接着说但是我们被教导去作决定，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为决策者那样。难点：only if ; if onlyonly if是“只有”的意思; if only是“只要”意思。2000年例句：He can continue to support himself and his family _ he produces a surplus.A. only if B. much as C .long before D. ever since要记住：supposing (that);provided (that);on condition that例如：He will surely finished job on time _he has left to do it in his own way.A.in that B.in case C.as far as D.so long as8.让步状语从句 although; though; even if; even though1997年例句：_ _ its economy continues to recover, the US is in