2011届高考英语动名词语法复习

精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创1/232011届高考英语动名词语法复习高中英语语法之动名词定义动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。解释动词的ING形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。特征动词原形ING构成，具有名词，动词一些特征一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语READINGISANART读书是一种艺术。CLIMBINGMOUNTAINSISREALLYFUN爬山真是有趣WORKINGINTHESECONDITIONSISNOTAPLEASUREBUTASUFFER在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。动名词作主语，有时先用IT作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如ITISNOUSE/NOGOODCRYINGOVERSPILTMILK覆水难收ITISAWASTEOFTIMEPERSUADINGSUCHAPERSONTOJOINUS劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创2/23ITWASHARDGETTINGONTHECROWDEDSTREETCAR上这种拥挤的车真难。ITISFUNPLAYINGWITHCHILDREN和孩子们一起玩真好。THEREISNOJOKINGABOUTSUCHMATTERS对这种事情不是开玩笑。动名词作主语的几种类型动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况1直接位于句首做主语。例如SWIMMINGISAGOODSPORTINSUMMER2用IT作形式主语，把动名词真实主语置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时，不太常用IT作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如ITISNOUSETELLINGHIMNOTTOWORRY常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有BETTER，WONDERFUL，ENJOYABLE，INTERESTING，FOOLISH，DIFFICULT，USELESS，SENSELESS，WORTHWHILE，等。注意IMPORTANT，ESSENTIAL，NECESSARY等形容词不能用于上述结构。3用于“THEREBE”结构中。例如THEREISNOSAYINGWHENHELLCOME很难说他何时回来。精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创3/234用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如NOSMOKINGNOSMOKINGISALLOWEDHERE（禁止吸烟）NOPARKING（禁止停车）5动名词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如THEIRCOMINGTOHELPWASAGREATENCOURAGEMENTTOUS6例词SHOPPINGFISHINGCYCLING这些都是很常见的动名词二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较SMOKINGISNOTGOODFORHEALTHITISNOTGOODFORYOUTOSMOKESOMUCH注意1在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。2在“ITISNOUSE”，“ITISNOGOOD”，“ITISFUN”，“ITISAWASTEOFTIME”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语ITISNOUSE/GOOD/AWASTEOFTIMETALKINGABOUTTHATITISNOUSE/GOOD/AWASTEOFTIMETOTALKABOUTTHAT精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创4/233在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语DOESYOURSAYINGTHATMEANANYTHINGTOHIMDOESFORYOUTOSAYTHATMEANANYTHINGTOHIM4在“THEREBE”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语THEREISNOTELLINGWHATWILLHAPPENITISIMPOSSIBLETOTELLWHATWILLHAPPEN5当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一SEEINGISBELIEVINGTOSEEISTOBELIEVE2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有ADVISE,ALLOW,PERMIT,AVOID,CONSIDER,ENJOY,FINISH,GIVEUP,CANNOTHELP,IMAGINE,INCLUDE,KEEP,KEEPON,MIND,MISS,PUTOFF,DELAY,PRACTISE,RESIST,SUGGEST,DEPENDON,THINKABOUT,SETABOUT,SUCCEEDIN,WORRYABOUT,BURSTOUT,INSISTON,CANTSTAND,BEUSEDTO,GETUSEDTO,DEVOTETO,LOOKFORWARDTO,PAYATTENTIONTO,GETDOWNTO,ESCAPE等。如THEYWENTONWALKINGANDNEVERSTOPPEDTALKING他们继续走，精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创5/23说个不停。IFOUNDITPLEASANTWALKINGALONGTHESEASHORE在海滩上走真是乐事。MARKOFTENATTEMPTSTOESCAPEBEINGFINEDWHENEVERHEBREAKSTRAFFICREGULATIONS每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。（2）作介词的宾语WEARETHINKINGOFMAKINGANEWPLANFORTHENEXTTERM我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。SHALLWEHAVEARESTORGETDOWNTODOINGOURWORK我们休息呢还是开始干活（3）作形容词的宾语THEMUSICISWELLWORTHLISTENINGTOMORETHANONCE这种曲子很值得多听几遍。WEAREBUSYPREPARINGFORTHECOMINGSPORTSMEET我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或WHAT引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。YOURTASKISCLEANINGTHEWINDOWS你的任务就是擦窗户。CLEANINGTHEWINDOWSISYOURTASK精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创6/23WHATIHATEMOSTISBEINGLAUGHEDAT我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。BEINGLAUGHEDATISWHATIHATEMOST4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如AWALKINGSTICKASTICKFORWALKINGASTICKWHICHISUSEDFORWALKINGAWASHINGMACHINEAMACHINEFORWASHINGAMACHINEWHICHISUSEDFORWASHINGAREADINGROOMAROOMFORREADINGAROOMWHICHISUSEDFORREADINGAMEASURINGTAPEATAPEFORMEASURINGATAPEWHICHISUSEDFORMEASURINGSLEEPINGPILLSPILLSFORSLEEPINGPILLSWHICHISUSEDFORSLEEPING二、动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创7/23HERCOMINGTOHELPENCOURAGEDALLOFUS他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。THATSHECAMETOHELPENCOURAGEDALLOFUSJANESBEINGCARELESSCAUSEDSOMUCHTROUBLE简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。THATJANEWASCARELESSCAUSEDSOMUCHTROUBLEWHATSTROUBLINGTHEMISTHEIRNOTHAVINGENOUGHFOOD烦扰他们的是食物不足。WHATSTROUBLINGTHEMISTHATTHEYHAVENOTENOUGHFOOD在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如WOULDYOUMINDMY/MEUSINGYOURCOMPUTER用下你的电脑介意吗THEFATHERINSISTEDONHISSONS/HISSONGOINGTOCOLLEGE爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。MARYS不可用MARYBEINGILLMADEHERMOTHERUPSET玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。HIS不可用HIMSMOKINGMADEHISFAMILYANGRY他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语A无命名词精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创8/23THEBABYWASMADEAWAKEBYTHEDOORSUDDENLYSHUTTING这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。B有生命名词但表示泛指意义HAVEYOUEVERHEARDOFWOMENPRACTISINGBOXING你听说过妇女练拳击吗C两个以上的有生命名词并列DOYOUREMEMBERYOURPARENTSANDMETELLINGABOUTTHIS你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗三、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下主动语态、被动语态、一般式WRITING、BEINGWRITTEN、完成式HAVINGWRITTEN、HAVINGBEENWRITTEN其否定形式是在DOING前加上NOT1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如IHATETALKINGWITHSUCHPEOPLE我讨厌与这样的人说话。BEINGCARELESSISNOTAGOODHABIT粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如IDONTREMEMBERHAVINGMETHIMBEFORE我记不得以前见过他。精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创9/23THANKYOUFORHAVINGTAKINGSOMUCHTROUBLETOHELP谢谢你费力帮忙。3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如IDONTLIKEBEINGLAUGHEDATINPUBLIC在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如IAMVERYPLEASEDATYOURHAVINGBEENHONOUREDWITHAMEDAL我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如EXCUSEMEFORBEINGLATE我来晚了请你原谅。IDONTREMEMBEREVERMEETINGSOMEWHERE我记不得原来在什么地方见过。THANKYOUFORGIVINGUSSOMUCHHELP谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如IFORGETONCEBEINGTAKENHAVINGBEENTAKENTOTHECITYZOO精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创10/23我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，BEING不可省略。如SHEISAFRAIDOFBEINGTAKENTOTHEPUBLIC她怕被领到大众面前。四、常见题型1）动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2）在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语例IWOULDAPPRECIATE_BACKTHISAFTERNOONAYOUTOCALLBYOUCALLCYOUCALLINGDYOURECALLING（KEYC；换成YOURCALLING也对）4）有些词后只能接动名词ADMITAPPRECIATEAVOIDCELEBRATECONSIDERCONTEMPLATEDEFERDELAYDENYDETESTDISCONTINUEDISLIKEDISPUTEENJOYITENTAILSESCAPEEXCUSEEXPLAINFANCYFEELLIKEFINISHFORGIVECANTHELPHINDERIMAGINEITINVOLVESKEEPITMEANSMENTIONMINDMISSITNECESSITATESPARDONPOSTPONEPRACTICEPREVENTRECALLREPORTRESENTRESISTRISKSUGGESTUNDERSTAND5）另外还有一些接ING形式的常用说法精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创11/23ITSNOGOODITSNO/LITTLE/HARDLYANY/USEITSNOT/HARDLY/SCARCELYUSEITSWORTHWHILESPENDMONEY/TIMETHERESNOTHERESNOPOINTINTHERESNOTHINGWORSETHANWHATSTHEUSE/POINT6）有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可REMEMBER,FORGET,TRY,STOP,GOON,CEASE,MEAN后面均可用不定式和ING形式，但意义截然不容。例REMEMBERTODO/DOINGIREMEMBEREDTOPOSTTHELETTERS（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）IREMEMBEREDPOSTING/HAVINGPOSTEDTHELETTERS（我记得做过这个动作）FORGET与REMEMBER的用法类似。REGRET的用法IREGRETTOINFORMYOUTHAT（我很遗憾地通知你）IREGRETTEDHAVINGLEFTTHEFIRMAFTERTWENTYYEARS（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。）TRYTO（努力）与TRYING（试验）YOUREALLYMUSTTRYTOOVERCOMEYOURSHYNESSTRYPRACTICINGFIVEHOURSADAY五、动名词与现在分词的同与不同动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创12/23末加ING。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为“ING形式“。这两种形式的另一个相同之处是它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如SPEAKINGINTHEPUBLIC,HEWILLSURELYBEVERYCHEERFUL（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。SHEHATESSPEAKINGINTHEPUBLIC（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。区别1动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如MYHOBBYISSWIMMING可改为SWIMMINGISMYHOBBY可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如THESTORYISINTERESTING不可改为INTERESTINGISTHESTORY精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创13/232动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于KS5UCOM动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质状态或动作等试比较ASWIMMINGBOY和ASWIMMINGSUIT前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即ABOYWHOISSWIMMING,现在分词SWIMMING表示被修饰名词BOY的动作而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即ASUITFORSWIMMING,动名词SWIMMING表示SUIT的用途ASLEEPINGCHILD和ASLEEPINGCAR前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即ACHILDWHOISSLEEPING,现在分词SLEEPING表示被修饰名词CHILD正处于的状态而后者的意思是“卧车被用来睡觉的车厢”,即ACARWHICHISUSEDFORSLEEPING,动名词SLEEPING表示CAR的用途练习1）MARKOFTENATTEMPTSTOESCAPE_WHENEVERHEBREAKSTRAFFICREGULATIONS。A）SHAVINGSBEENFINEDB）TOHAVEBEENFINEDC）TOBEFINEDD）BEINGFINED精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创14/232）MYWIFESAIDINHERLETTERTHATSHEWOULDAPPRECIATE_FROMYOUSOMETIME。A）TOHAVEHEARDB）TOHEARC）FORHEARINGD）HEARING3）THETHIEFTOOKAWAYTHEWOMANSWALLETWITHOUT_。A）BEINGSEENB）SEEINGC）HIMSEEINGD）SEEINGHIM4）PEOPLEAPPRECIATE_WITHIMBECAUSEHEHASAGOODSENSEOFHUMOR。（CET41998，1）A）TOWORKB）TOHAVEWORKEDC）WORKINGD）HAVEWORKING5）IVEENJOYED_TOTALKWITHYOU。A）TOBEABLEB）BEINGABLEC）TOBEENABLED）OFBEINGABLE6）NOONECANAVOID_BYADVERTISEMENTS。A）TOBEINFLUENCEDB）BEINGINFLUENCEDC）INFLUENCINGD）SHAVINGSINFLUENCE7）THEYARECONSIDERING_BEFORETHEPRICESGOUP。A）OFBUYINGTHEHOUSEB）WITHBUYINGTHEHOUSEC）BUYINGTHEHOUSED）TOBUYTHEHOUSE8）HETHOUGHTTHAT_。A）THEEFFORTDOINGTHEJOBWASNOTWORTHB）THEEFFORTWASNOTWORTHINDOINGTHEJOBC）ITWASNOTWORTHTHEEFFORTDOINGTHEJOBD）精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创15/23ITWASNOTWORTHTHEEFFORTBYDOINGTHEJOB9）IFIHADREMEMBERED_THEDOOR，THETHINGSWOULDNOTHAVEBEENSTOLEN。A）TOLOCKB）LOCKINGC）TOHAVELOCKEDD）SHAVINGSLOCKED10）YOURSHIRTNEEDS_。YOUDBETTERHAVEITDONETODAY。A）IRONB）TOIRONC）IRONINGD）BEINGIRONED11）YOUCANTHELP_COMMERCIALSEVERYFEWMINUTESTHEPROGRAMISINTERRUPTEDTOGIVEYOUONEADVERTISEMENTORANOTHER。A）TOHEARB）TOBEHEARDC）HEARINGD）WITHHEARING12）MYTRANSISTORRADIOISNTWORKING。IT_。A）NEEDREPAIRINGB）NEEDSTOREPAIRC）NEEDSREPAIRINGD）NEEDTOBEREPAIRED13）ITISNOUSE_MENOTTOWORRY。A）YOUTELLB）YOURTELLINGC）FORYOUTOHAVETOLDD）SHAVINGSTOLD14）HEISVERYBUSY_HISPAPERS。HEISFARTOOBUSY_CALLERS。精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创16/23A）TOWRITE；TORECEIVEB）WRITING；TORECEIVEC）WRITING；RECEIVINGD）TOWRITE；FORRECEIVING15）THESUSPECTATLASTADMITTED_STOLENGOODSBUTDENIED_THEM。A）RECEIVING。SELLINGB）TORECEIVE。TOSELLC）TORECEIVING。TOSELLINGD）TOHAVERECEIVED。TOHAVESOLD16）SHEAPOLOGIZEDFOR_TOCOME。A）HERNOTBEINGABLEB）HERBEINGNOTABLEC）NOTBEINGABLED）THATSHESNOTABLETO17）IREALLYAPPRECIATE_TOHELPME，BUTIAMSURETHATICANMANAGEBYMYSELF。A）YOUTOOFFERB）THATYOUOFFERC）YOUROFFERINGD）THATYOUAREOFFERING18）PLEASESTOP_，BOYS，IHAVESOMETHINGIMPORTANTTO_YOU。A）SAYING。TALKB）TELLING。SAYC）TALKING。SPEAKD）TALKING。TELL19）精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创17/23TONY，WOULDYOUGOANDSEEIFSAMHASANYDIFFICULTY_HISTAPERECORDERA）TOFIXB）FIXINGC）FORFIXINGD）FIX20）“WHYISNTNANCYGOINGTOMEETUS”“ITSMYFAULT。IFORGOTALLABOUT_HER。”A）TELEPHONINGTOB）TOTELEPHONEC）TOTELEPHONETOD）THETELEPHONINGTO21）“WHYWEREYOULATE”“IHADAHARDTIME_UPTHISMORNING。”A）TOGETB）GETC）GOTD）GETTING22）IREMEMBER_TOHELPUSIFWEEVERGOTSINTOSTROUBLE。A）ONCEOFFERINGB）HIMONCEOFFERINGC）HIMTOOFFERD）TOOFFERHIM23）JOHNREGRETTED_TOTHEMEETINGLASTWEEK。A）NOTGOINGB）NOTTOGOC）NOTSHAVINGSBEENGOINGD）NOTTOBEGOING24）ITISDIFFICULTTOGETUSED_INATENTAFTERSHAVINGSASOFT，COMFORTABLEBEDTOLIEON。A）SLEEPB）TOSLEEPINGC）SLEPTD）TOSLEEP25）HEGIVESPEOPLETHEIMPRESSION_MANYPOEMS。A）OFSHAVINGSWRITTENB）TOHAVEWRITTENC）精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创18/23OFBEINGWRITTEND）TOWRITE26）DOYOUFEELLIKE_OUTORWOULDYOURATHER_DINNERATHOMEA）GOING。TOHAVEB）TOGO。TOHAVEC）TOGO。HAVINGD）GOING。HAVE27）PRIORTO_THEFORMALSPEECH，FIRSTHEWILLINTRODUCEHIMSELF。A）DELIVERINGB）DELIVERC）BEINGDELIVERINGD）BEINGDELIVERED28）IDONTMIND_BYBUS，BUTIHATE_INQUEUES。A）TOTRAVEL。STANDINGB）SHAVINGSTRAVELED。STANDINGC）TRAVELING。TOSTANDD）TRAVELING。STANDING29）WHATABOUT_DOUBLEQUANTITIESOFEVERYTHINGTODAYWEHAVEHARDLYTIMETOGO_NEXTWEEK。A）BUYING。TOSHOPB）BUY。SHOPPINGC）BUYING。SHOPPINGD）TOBUY。SHOPPINGKS5UCOM30）WEHADSOMETROUBLE_THEHOUSEANDNOBODYSEEMED_SWHE精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创19/23RESITWAS。A）INFINDING。KNOWINGB）FINDING。TOKNOWC）TOFIND。KNOWINGD）TOFIND。TOKNOW31）WECANTIMAGINE_INTHEENTRANCEEXAMINATION，FORSHEHASNEVERBEENTOSCHOOL。A）SHESUCCEEDINGB）HERSUCCEEDINGC）SHESUCCEEDD）HERTOSUCCEED32）IDONTLIKE_ATME。A）THEMLAUGHINGB）THEIRLAUGHC）THEMLAUGHD）THEMTOHAVELAUGHED33）WESUGGESTED_INHOTELSBUTTHECHILDRENWEREANXIOUS_OUT。A）SLEEPING。TOCAMPB）SLEEPING。CAMPINGC）TOSLEEP。TOCAMPD）TOSLEEP。CAMPING34）IHAVENOOBJECTION_THEEVENINGWITHTHEM。A）TOSPENDB）TOSPENDINGC）OFSPENDINGD）SPENDING35）AFTER_FORTHEJOB，YOUWILLBEREQUIREDTOTAKEALANGUAGETEST。A）BEINGINTERVIEWEDB）INTERVIEWEDC）INTERVIEWINGD）精品文档2016全新精品资料全新公文范文全程指导写作独家原创20/23SHAVINGSINTERVIEWED36）THEMATCHWASCANCELLEDBECAUSEMOSTOFTHEMEMBERS_AMATCHWITHOUTASTANDARDCOURT。A）OBJECTEDTOSHAVINGSB）WEREOBJECTEDTOHAVEC）OBJECTEDTOHAVED）WEREOBJECTEDTOHAVING37）JEANDIDNOTHAVETIMETOGOTOTHECONCERTLASTNIGHTBECAUSESHEWASBUSY_FORHEREXAMINATION。A）TOPREPAREB）TOBEPREPAREDC）PREPARINGD）BEINGPREPARED38）ITISNOGOOD_REMEMBERGRAMMATICALRULES。YOUNEEDTOPRACTISEWHATYOUHAVELEARNED。A）TRYINGTOB）TOTRYTOC）TRYTOD）TRIEDTO39）AFTER_HIMBETTER，IREGRETTED_HIMUNFAIRLY。A）GETTINGTOKNOW。TOJUDGEB）GETTINGTOKNOW。TOHAVEJUDGEDC）GETTINGTOHAVEKNOW。JUDGINGD）GETTINGTOKNOW。HAVINGJUDGED40）HEISLOOKINGFORWARDTO