汉译英作业答案.doc

参考答案第一讲1. 注意安全，小心路滑。Caution，slipperfloor.2. 禁止吸烟，违反者将被罚款100元。Smokingisprohibited, penaltiesforviolatorsis100yuan.3. 雨天，雪天，减速行驶。Slowincaseofrainorsnow.4. 老年人优先上车。SeniorCitizensFirst.5. 桥上严禁超车。No Overtaking On Bridge. 第二讲Task: Please translate the following passage into English.（Open)A广西中医学院护理学院成立于1999年, 其前身-广西中医学院附设护士学校创建于1979年。回首20多年的风雨历程,至今已发展成为广西仅有的两所高等护理院校之一。近几年,学院紧紧围绕教学与产业并举,中职教育与高职教育并重,传统培养与特色培训相结合的办学思路,开创了教学产业化道路的新局面, 使学院步入了持续快速健康发展的轨道, 如今学院无论是硬件还是软件, 均已颇具规模,现有在校生2663人, 教职工71人, 专兼职教师46人, 其中高中级职称教师40人,占全体教师比例的86.5%。 开设有西医护理、中医护理、中医医疗、中西结合、针灸推拿5个专业。今年经自治区教育厅批准又增设老年服务与管理、家政与社区服务两个专业。B人类社会的文明与进步，总是依赖于不断发明或发现新的物质、新的方法、新的知识和新的理论，才有可能得到更大的发展。作为一个积极进取，蓬勃向上的医药学研究群体，我们和众多国家和地区的学者一样，一直在致力于芒果叶与芒果苷的药用研究，探索其中可以用于防治人类常见疾病的新物质和新规律，希冀能以此为人类的健康做出一点点贡献。随着岁月的流逝和我们汗水的流淌，这一研究取得了令人欣喜的成果。我们将这些成果与世界各地的研究成果汇聚起来，于是便有了芒果叶与芒果苷研究文集。C姚明是否该选用中医来疗伤？中美两国球迷以及专家为此争论得非常激烈，可实际上，这个争论对姚明的治疗方案不会产生影响。它能产生的意义在于：这是一次中美文化差异的碰撞，我们能否让美国人对中国传统文化产生更浓厚的兴趣。就姚明的治疗而言，至少反映了国内在运动创伤治疗上的不足。否则，为什么冯坤和赵蕊蕊要去美国做手术？又为什么，包括王治郅、巴特尔在内的诸多篮球运动员也都要飞往美国治疗呢？要让人家相信你，就得拿出成功的例子，这样才不会出现对中医的“妖魔化”。第三讲A 护理科研论文写作中常见句型1. 本文介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了 This paper (report, article) presents/describes/reports/discusses2. 在这篇文章中，我们介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了 In this paper (report, article), we present/describe/report/discuss3. 我们描述了一例 We describe a case of4. 本文报告一例 A case is reported in which. 5. 本文报告了的研究。 A study of . is reported6.本研究旨在This study was designed/undertaken to.7.为而作研究An attempt has been made to.8.本研究的目的是.A study to . was carried out.9.本前瞻性研究的目的是.This prospective study was to be performed to.10.为了，我们进行了的研究We conducted a study to.11.为了，我们进行了的初步研究In an attempt to., we carried out a pilot study12.采用，我们研究/发现了Using., we studied ./it was found that.13.我们用测定/分析/治疗了.was (were) measured/ analyzed/treated using/ by/which14.被随机分成组。. randomly divided into. groups15.根据，将分成组。.were separated into .groups, based on.16.分组如下The groups were as follows.17.结果表明The results showed that.18.（我们）发现/观察到It was found/ observed that.19.与呈正相关。There was a significant linear correlation between . and.20.发现与呈负相关。A negative correlation was found between .and. 21.与之间未见有统计学差异。No statistical differences were observed between. and.22.与密切相关。. was closely related to.23.结果/发现 提示/表明 These results/findings suggest/indicate that.24.我们建议/认为/设想We suggest/believe/postulate that.25.结论是/结果是/建议/估计It is concluded/suggested/recommended/estimated that. 26.结果与一致。These results accord with.The results are concordant with.The results agree well with.27.关于的机制仍不清楚。The mechanisms by which. remain obscure.28.关于同行中一直有很多争议。There has been considerable professional debate about.29.一直是大家感兴趣和争议的焦点. has been the focus of much interest and debate. 30.一直是最近10年来重点研究的课题。.has been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years.31.我们的研究对具有实际意义。Our study should have practical implication for.32.对的兴趣不断增加。There is growing interest in .33.关于尚未确定。There is uncertainty regarding.34.仍不清楚/尚未探索/仍有争议. . remain unclear (unexplored, controversial) 35.在方面最新进展甚微。There has been little recent progress in.36.仅有几篇关于的研究。There are only few studies (observations /investigations) concerning37.研究对象的选择是根据Selection was based on.38.选入参加本研究的主要标准是The major criteria for inclusion in the study were.39.不得入选的标准包括Exclusion criteria include. 40.从随机挑选参加研究。.were selected at random from.41.根据（病人）被分成组。.were divided into.groups based on.42.随机分成.were randomized to (into).43.被随机分成接受的或的组。.were randomly allocated to groups receiving.or.44.被分成4组，每组6人。.were divided into 4 groups of 6 patients each. 45.提出了问题The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) raises question of.46.支持了假说The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) supports the thesis that.47.证明了The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) provides strong evidence that.48.提供了基础The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) supplies a basis for.49.提出了的可能性The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) offers the possibility of 50.使可能The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) makes it likely to.51.对提出了挑战The findings (data/experiments/results/facts /investigation/study) poses a challenge to52.可能导致（引起/是的原因）. may lead to (result in/account for).53.被认为是由于（归因于/与有关）. is (thought to be) due to (attributed to/related to/ linked to) .54.很明显（肯定）的是Its clear (certain) that.55.值得指出的是Its noteworthy (important to note) that.56.尽管，应该是可能的.Although., it should be possible to.57.我们的结论是In conclusion.In summary Our conclusion is that.We conclude that.58.本研究的优势是 The advantage of . is. 59.该研究的一个重要的新发现是A major new finding of this study is that.60.根据我们的发现，我们同意We agree with. based on our findings.B写一份Curriculum Vitae（CV） 履历/简历CV是一个人所经历过的各种活动、荣誉以及其他信息的列表。应包括你的名字、联系信息、受教育的经历、技能以及工作经验。此外，还应包括你的你的科研或者教学经历、论文以及专著的列表、曾经获得过的各种奖励和荣誉、曾经得到的专业证书（例如资格证书）、获得的专业协会资格、你的兴趣所在、未来的发展计划以及其他详细信息等等。履历格式Curriculum Vitae Format联系信息Your Contact Information姓名Name地址Address电话Telephone手机Cell Phone邮箱Email 个人资料 Personal Information出生日期Date of Birth出生地点Place of Birth国籍Citizenship 性别Gender其他个人信息Optional Personal Information婚姻状况Marital Status就业经历Employment History按发生时间顺序排列，包括职务及时间详情List in chronological order, include position details and dates工作经历Work History 学术地位Academic Positions 研究与培训Research and Training 学历Education包括时间、专业、学位、培训内容及证书等Include dates, majors, and details of degrees, training and certification 高中High School 大学University 研究生学校Graduate School课程curriculum 主修major 副修minor 课程重点部分educational highlights课程包括curriculum included 专门课程specialized courses所学课程courses taken所学课程courses completed 特别训练special training 实践social practice业余工作part-time jobs 暑期工作summer jobs 假期工作vacation jobs进修课程refresher course 学术活动academic activities 社会活动social activities 职业资格Professional Qualifications各种证书和认证Certifications and Accreditations奖励Awards 发表论文Publications 出版书籍Books 会员资格Professional Memberships 兴趣Interests第四讲短句护理介入标准仪式Standard Protocols for All Nursing Interventions 1. 对照医嘱或护理计划确认护理介入内容。Verify nursing intervention using physicians order or nursing care plan.2. 确认病人（检查手牌、报名字）。Identify client (arm band and state name).3. 向病人作自我介绍。Introduce yourself to client. 4. 解释程序及注意事项。Explain procedure and rationale.5. 评估病人当前健康状况及对特定护理介入的可能禁忌。Assess clients current health status and possible contraindications to specific intervention.6. 准备适当用品。Gather appropriate equipment. 7. 洗手至少10至15秒钟。Wash your hands for at least 10 to 15 seconds. 8. 需要时带上手套。 Apply clean gloves as indicated.9. 调整床铺高度与围栏。 Adjust bed height and side rails.10. 保护病人隐私。Provide privacy for client.11. 护理科研论文应包括以下几个基本属性1）伦理性 2）创新性 3）实用性 4）可读性。Nursing research papers should contain/include ethicality, innovation, practicability and Readability.(高级护理英语教程写作分册 第7页）12. 护士在提供日常护理的同时，有机会对病人的身心状况进行评估。While providing routine hygienic care, the nurse has the opportunity to perform assessments of the clients physical and emotional state. (护理英语教程写作分册 第17-18，108）13. 护士能否成功地帮助病人达到预期的健康水平，有赖于她有效与人沟通的能力。The nurses success in helping the client achieve his desired level of health may rest on her ability to communicate effectively.(护理英语教程写作分册 第17-18，108）14. 本研究的目的为探讨老年脑血管病变病人认知功能特点，并促进其健康。The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic of cognitive function in the aged with cerebrovascular diseases and to promote their rehabilitation.(护理英语教程写作分册 第59- 112)15. 将健康、足月新生儿89例随机分成纯母乳喂养组和加配方奶喂养组进行血糖浓度监测。We randomly distributed 89 healthy, full term newborns into two groups: exclusive breastfeeding and milk formula. Blood glucose concentration was determined.(护理英语教程写作分册 72，113）16. 我们认为知道老年人控制危险因素，改变不良生活方式，开展健康指导，是老年门诊护理保健工作的重点。Clinical nursing instructions for senile patients should focus on teaching them how to control risk factors, change unhealthy life styles and promote health education.(护理英语教程写作分册 第92,115)17. 疾病预防和健康促进是社区护理工作的重点。(Both illness prevention and health promotion are the focuses of work in the community nursing.护理专业英语 P28)18. 病人的健康状况会随时间的变化而有所变化。所以护理计划和护理措施也必须进行相应的调整。（The clients health status may change with time. So it is necessary to revise the nursing plan and nursing interventions accordingly.护理专业英语 P15）19. 写这篇论文的目的是说明一种能够引出护理趣味现象的独特的、有价值的研究方法。（The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a research method that may contribute a unique and valuable method of eliciting phenomena of interest to nursing.）20. 中医护理之扶正祛邪：食补与药补，调摄精神情志，动静相宜。The concept of TCM nursing is strengthening body resistance to dispel pathogenic factors by applying both diet and medicine therapy, regulating spirit and emotion and balancing activity and inertia.第五讲长篇急腹症 Acute Abdominal Pain Definition 说明 Causes of acute abdominal pain are varied. Although sometimes called surgical abdomen, acute abdominal pain does not always necessitate surgery. Many disorders must be ruled out before a diagnosis is confirmed.急腹症的原因很多。虽然它有时也被称为“手术”症，但急腹症并不是都必须做手术。有些情况在诊断确认前就必须得以排除。 Clinical Manifestations 临床症状 Pain is the most important symptom of acute abdominal pain. A patient may also complain of abdominal tenderness, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, fatigue, and an increase in abdominal girth.疼痛是急腹症的最重要症状。病人主诉也可以包括腹部压痛、呕吐、腹泻、便秘、气胀、疲劳及腰围增大等。 Diagnostic Studies 诊断检查 * l Diagnosis begins with a complete health history and physical examination. Physical examination should include both a rectal and a pelvic examination.* l Complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, abdominal x-ray examination, and an ECG are done initially.* l A pregnancy test should be performed on a woman of childbearing age who has acute abdominal pain. 首先进行完整的健康史和体格检查，包括直肠和盆腔检查。 血尿常规、腹部X片、心电图。 育龄期妇女出现急腹症时应行妊娠试验。 Therapeutic Management 治疗 The goal of therapeutic management is to identify and treat the cause. A differential diagnosis needs to be made because many causes of abdominal pain do not require surgery.治疗目的是对病因进行识别和治疗。由于很多腹痛病因并不需要手术，因此，必须进行鉴别诊断。In addition to being a therapeutic measure, surgery can be diagnostic. Operative exploration is usually done after careful examination of the patient, and it is justified when look and see is better than wait and see. 除了治疗外，手术也可以是一各诊断手段。通常，在对病人作仔细检查后，也可以作手术检查，尤其是在“检查观察”比“静候观察”更为有利的情况下，手术检查无疑更为合理。 Nursing Management 护理 An exploratory laparotomy in which an opening is made through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity is done to detemine the cause of an acute abdomen. If the cause of acute abdomen can be surgically removed (e.g., inflamed appendix) or surgically repaired (e.g., ruptured abdominal aneurysm), then surgery is considered definitive therapy.剖腹探查就是经由腹壁开口观察腹膜腔，以确定急腹症的病因。如病因可以通过手术排除（如阑尾炎）或通过手术修复（如腹部动脉瘤破裂），便可以考虑手术是最后的治疗方法。 Goals 护理目标 The patient will have a satisfactory level of pain control, relief of nausea and vomiting, normal bowel sounds within 72 hours, absence of fever, and lungs clear to auscultation.病人对疼痛控制、恶心呕吐缓解感到满意，72小时内肠鸣音正常，不发烧，肺部听诊无杂音。 Nursing Diagnoses护理诊断 Pain related to surgical incision and inadequate pain control measuresNausea and vomiting related to decreased GI motility, GI distention, and narcoticsIneffective airway clearance related to effects of anesthesia, sedation, pain, immobility, and location of incisionConstipation related to immobility, pain, medication, and decreased motility 疼痛与手术切口和疼痛控制措施不当有关 恶心呕吐 与胃肠运动减少、胃肠膨胀及麻醉药品使用有关 气道清理无效 与麻醉效果、镇静作用、疼痛、活动不能及切口部位有关 便秘 与活动不能、疼痛、用药及运动减少有关 Nursing Interventions 护理措施 1. General care for the patient involves management of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, pain, and anxiety. Preoperative preparation of a patient with an acute abdomen includes a CBC count, typing and crossmatching of blood, and clotting studies. Catheterization, preparation of abdominal skin, and passage of a nasogastric (NG) tube may be done in the emergency department or operating room (OR). 病人一般护理措施包括液体电解质紊乱、疼痛和焦虑症的处理。急腹症病人术前准备包括CBC计数、血型和交叉配血、凝血化验。插管、腹部皮肤准备及鼻胃管可在急诊室或手术室进行。 2. Increased use of laparoscopic procedures has reduced the risk of postoperative complications related to wound care and altered GI motility. These procedures generally result in shorter hospital stays. 腹腔镜检查减少了发生与伤口护理和胃肠道运动减少相关的术后并发症的危险，可以缩短住院时间。 3. If an NG tube is present, it is connected to suction as ordered. The purpose of this tube is to empty the stomach of secretions and gas to prevent gastric dilatation. The NG tube is checked frequently for patency because it may become obstructed with mucus, sediment, or old blood. An order is usually written to irrigate the tube with 20 to 30 ml of normal saline solution if needed. Repositioning the tube may facilitate drainage. Mouth care and nasal care are essential. 如果使用鼻胃插管，应遵医嘱与抽吸管相连。毛鼻胃插管的目的是排空胃部分泌物和气体，防止胃扩张。鉴于粘液、渣滓或殘血可能造成堵塞，应经常检查鼻胃管是否通畅。护嘱中通常写明，必要时用20至30 ml生理盐水冲洗插管。重新插管有助于引流，还必须施行口腔护理和鼻部护理。 4. Parenteral fluids are administered to provide the patient with fluids and electrolytes until bowel sounds return. Occasionally, ice chips may be ordered because they relieve a dry mouth. 在肠鸣音恢复前，非肠道补液可为病人体内液体和电解质。有时可在护嘱中使用冰棒，他们可以起到缓解口干的作用。 5. Although nausea and vomiting are not uncommon after abdominal surgery, these problems are often self-limiting. Observation is important in determining the cause. Antiemetics such as promethazine, prochlorperazine, or trimethobenzamide may be ordered. 尽管腹部手术后恶心呕吐并不常见，即使出现也常常是可以自己控制的。重要是要通过观察确定其原因。也可以开一些止吐药，如异丙嗪、丙氯拉嗪）或曲美苄胺等。 6. Abdominal distention and gas pains are also common after a laparotomy; they are due to swallowed air and impaired peristalsis resulting from immobility, manipulation of abdominal contents during surgery, and side effects of anesthesia. The resulting pain can be so uncomfortable that medications to stimulate peristalsis, such as bethanechol or neostigmine methylsulfate, may be given. A rectal tube or moist heat on the abdomen may be effective in relieving distention. The physician should be informed of abdominal distention and rigidity. As intestinal activity increases, distention and gas pains gradually decrease. 剖腹术后出现腹用及腹痛也是常见的症状，这是由吞咽空气及运动不能引起肠蠕动受损、手术期间腹内容物处理、麻醉副作用等造成的。由此造成的疼痛的会很难受， 可以给些药物刺激胃肠蠕动，如氨甲酰甲胆碱或甲硫酸新斯的明等。肛管或腹部湿热敷可有效缓解腹胀。如出现腹胀和腹部强直，就通知医生。因为随着肠动增加， 腹胀和胀痛也会逐渐增加。 7. Emotional support from the nursing staff is important. Honest, clear, concise explanations of all procedures in language the patient and family can understand will assist in allaying anxiety. 护理人员有情感支持也很重要，用病人及亲属能够理解的语言诚实、清楚、精简地说明操作程序可以帮助减轻病人的焦虑。 Patient Teaching 病人宣教 1. Patient teaching for discharge begins when the patient returns from the OR. Instructions to the patient and family should include any modifications in activity, care of the incision, diet, and drug therapy. 在病人从手术室返回时就应开始病人出院宣教。病人及亲属指导内容包括运动限制、切口护理、饮食和用药等。 2. Small, frequent meals that are high in calories should be taken initially, with a gradual increase in food intake as tolerated. 开始时可少量多餐，食用一些高卡食物，在许可情况下再逐渐增加摄食量。 3. Normal activities should be resumed gradually with planned rest periods. 应逐渐恢复正常运动，并规定休息时间。 4. The patient should be aware of possible complications after surgery and should notify the physician immediately if vomitting, pain, weight loss, incisional drainage, or changes in bowel function occur. 病人应了解可能的术后并发症，应在出现下列情况时应立即通知医生：呕吐、疼痛、体重下降、切口渗液或肠道功能发生变化。 第六讲 中医护理A.中医护理之标本缓急中医护理之标本缓急：急则护其标，缓则护基本。本和标是一个相对概念，主