中学英语时态总结.docx

中学阶段所学时态的总结Michael Hur班级_姓名_一、 时态表英语总共有16种时态，4种时间，4种状态，如下图可以得到16种时态，且具有极强的规律性。掌握其中的10-12种基本就能满足高考要求，加粗部分为常用的11种时态。时态现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在时 work/works一般过去时worked一般将来时 shall/will work一般过去将来时 should/would work进行现在进行时 am/is/are working过去进行时was/were working将来进行时 shall/willbe working过去将来进行时 should/would be working完成现在完成时have/has worked过去完成时 had worked将来完成时 shall/willhave worked过去将来完成时 should/would have worked完成进行现在完成进行时 have/has beenworking过去完成进行时 had been working将来完成进行时 shall/ will havebeen working过去将来完成进行时 should/would have been working此表格以动词work为例二、 时态记忆法一般现在时： work/works现在进行时： be + working 现在完成时： has / have + worked这三种基本时态形式位于时态表的中心位置，是必须首先记住的。其它形式可推导而出。记住了上面三种时态的形式后，可以设想把时间提前至过去，这三种时态的形式就相应地左移一格成为:一般过去时: worked过去进行时: was / were + working过去完成时: had + worked 把时间错后至将来，这三种时态的形式也就相应地右移一格成为:一般将来时： shall / will + work将来进行时： shall / will + be working将来完成时： shall / will + have worked简而言之，把这三种现在时态形式左移变成三种过去时态形式，只需把第一个动词变成过去式即可（一般现在时谓语只有一个动词，也可把它看成为第一个动词）。与此类似，过去将来时的变化是在一般将来时的基础上把第一个动词变成过去式。把这三种现在时态形式右移变成三种将来时态形式，只需在前面加一助动词shall / will （紧随其后的动词或助动词用原形形式）即可。三、 各种常见时态的简要介绍1. 一般现在时时态结构do / does使用说明1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , every day , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。She doesnt often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了描述现阶段的动作或状态，其重点不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态。例如：He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。She majors in music .她主修音乐。All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。顾名思义，客观的情况是没有时间概念的；也不会在意动作进行的状态。例如：The sun rises in the east .日出东方。The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。2. 一般过去时时态结构did 使用说明主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。过去的时间概念有两层意思：一是指现在某个时间以前的时间；二是指说话、写文章的那个时间点以前的时间，在这个意义上，现在的那个时间点是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , )等等。He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事？We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。He used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 他过去经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难，他都会帮助我们。At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。He said he would wait until they came back.3. 一般将来时时态结构will / shall + do使用说明主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况或者将来反复发生的动作或习惯。它的表示方法主要有下列5种：1） shall / will + do这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如：I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。2) am / is / are + going + to do这种表示方法主要是说明 A）“说话人的意图、打算”；B）“某种可能性”。 A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。 Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言？B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗？ If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰，你会喜欢上那个地方的。3) be( am / is / are ) + to do按计划安排要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远； 要求或命令他人做某事。The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时（限于某些动词）表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如：Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗？The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。5)be about to do距离现在很近的时间要发生的事情，不能与时间状语连用。The talk is about to begin.谈话马上开始了。He is about to be transferred there.他要被转去那儿了。4. 现在进行时时态结构am/is/are + doing 使用说明主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作，或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况：1）“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。2）“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。How are you getting along with your new job？ 你那份新工作干得怎么样？3）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况，常与always连用，构成“always + doing”结构。He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。She is always doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。4）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch, return, dine , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear 等。Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？5. 过去进行时时态结构Was / were + doing使用说明主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如：At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候，她正在写一篇文章。What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么？6. 现在完成时时态结构Has / have +done使用说明对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然，现在完成时主要表示（1）发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；（2）侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况：1） 发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。We havent met for many years .我们已多年没见了。They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。So far weve only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。关于现在完成时的时间状语问题A. 凡是完成时态都表示，不知道也不管动作发生的具体时间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副词连用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示以前的意义，因为它只表示以前，而不知什么时候的以前。C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的一段时间的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用It has been ；since的句式来表达。如：He has joined the army for five years. （错误）It has been five years since he joined the army.（正确）7. 过去完成时时态结构Had done使用说明一、 过去完成时的概念概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）。请注意下面这个时间轴，体会不同的时间点对应的不同的时间概念和对应的英语时态。尤其是过去的过去在时间轴上的位置。-|- |-|-|-过去的过去 过去的一个时间 现在 将来过去完成时 过去时 一般现在时 一般将来时二、过去完成时的判断依据1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由过去的过去来判定。过去完成时表示过去的过去，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.三、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在过去的过去。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在过去的过去）When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.8. 过去将来时时态结构Should / would + do使用说明表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个将来时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。（也可以理解做：从过去某个时间看来将来要发生的事情。）由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。 She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。 He didnt expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。 Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。C)They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。9. 将来进行时时态结构shall/will + be +doing使用说明 将来进行时是指将来某个时间或者某段时间正在进行的或者持续的动作。I will be sleeping at 12:00p.m. 十二点的时候我将在睡觉。I will be studying in university at the age of 20.我20岁的时候我将会在大学里学习。 This time next week we shall be working in that factory.下个星期的这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动. Well be having a meeting at three oclock tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午三点,我们将正在开会. When will you be seeing Mr. White 你将什么时候见怀特先生 (语气较委婉客气,下属对上司) The students will be watching TV at seven this evening.今天晚上七点,学生们将正在看电视. This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 明天此时你们正太看电影。Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time. 别担心,你不会认不出她的.她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙. 10.现在完成进行时时态结构Has / have been doing使用说明（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）（二）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作说话之前刚刚结束，不再继续下去）（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。I have been working here for five years.I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作两年了。（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。They have been building a bridge.（动作一直在进行）他们一直在造一座桥。They have built a bridge.（动作已结束）他们造了一座桥。（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。 I have been knowing.11.将来完成时时态结构will/shall+have+done使用说明将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间（或者某一个动作）以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们就结婚20年了。You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时他们就到上海了。Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。 He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。 Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？ We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。 we will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。时态复习题姓名_班级_第一部分1. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people _ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun2. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy families.A. will often see B. often seeC. are often seeing D. have often seen3. I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _?A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left4. What were you doing when Tony phoned you?I had just finished my work and_ to take a shower.A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting5. I _ you not to move my dictionarynow I cant find it.A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked6. Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _ it this morning.A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done7. Whats that terrible noise?The neighbors _ for a party.A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.A. had considered B. has been consideringC. considered D. is going to consider9. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.A. was B. were C. had been D. would be10. The discussion _ alive when an interesting topic was brought in.A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came11. Because the shop _ , all the T-shirts are sold at half price.A. has closed down B. closed downC. is closing down D. had closed down12. Lets keep to the point or we _ any decisions.A. will never reach B. have never reachedC. never reach D. never reached13. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I _ half of it.A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed14. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (18471931) _ the world-leading inventor for sixty years.A. would be B. has been C. had been D. was15. You were out when I dropped in at your house.Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport.A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited第二部分1. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _ 50 million.A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached2. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _ her somewhere.A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen3. The crazy fans _ patiently for two hours and they would wait till the movie star arrived.A. were waiting B. had been waitingC. had waited D. would wait4. She _ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.A. would change B. has changedC. changed D. was changing5. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power _ increased enormously ever since.A. is B. was C. has been D. had been6. You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say7. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _.A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown8. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days.A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed9. How can you possibly miss the news? It _ on TV all day long.A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be10. Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.Where was I?You _ you didnt like your fathers job.A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying11. I arrived late; I _ the road to be so icy.A. wouldnt expect B. havent expectedC. hadnt expected D. wasnt expecting12. I _ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time!A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleepC. fell asleep D. fall asleep13. Although he has lived with us for years, he _ us much impression.A. hadnt left B. didnt leaveC. doesnt leave D. hasnt left14. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have playedC. played D. play15. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.A. hasnt writt