反杜林论PPT(思政英语第一课)

Anti Duhring反杜林论 FrederickEngels弗里德里希 恩格斯 PartI PhilosophyIX MoralityandLawEternalTruths excerpt ParaOne If then wehavenotmademuchprogresswithtruthanderror wecanmakeevenlesswithgoodandevil Thisoppositionmanifestsitselfexclusivelyinthedomainofmorals thatis adomainbelongingtothehistoryofmankind anditispreciselyinthisfieldthatfinalandultimatetruthsaremostsparselysown 1 Theconceptionsofgoodandevilhavevariedsomuchfromnationtonationandfromagetoagethattheyhaveoftenbeenindirectcontradictontoeachother butallthesame 2 someonemayobject goodisnotevilandevilisnotgood ifgoodisconfusedwithevil thereisanendtoallmorality andeveryonecandoashepleases Thisisalso strippedofalloracularphrases HerrDuhring sopinon Butthemattercannontbesosimplydisposedof Ifitweresuchaneasybusinesstherewouldcertainlybenodisputeatallovergoodandevil everyonewouldknowwhatwasgoodandwhatwasbad Buthowdothingsstandtoday 3 Whatmoralityispreachedtoustoday ThereisfirstChristian feudalmorality inheritedfromearlierreligioustimes andthisisdivided essentially intoaCatholicandaProtestantmorality eachofwhichhasnolackofsubdivisions fromtheJesuit CatholicandOrthodox Protestanttoloose enlightened moralities Alongsidetheesewefindthemodern bourgeoismoralityandbesideitalsotheproletarianmoralityofthefutrue sothatinthemostadvancedEuropeancountriesalonethepast presentandfutureprovidethreegreatgroupsofmoraltheorieswhichareinforce 4 simultaneouslyandalongsideeachother Which then isthetrueone Notoneofthem inthesenseofabsolutefinality butcertainlythatmoralitycontainsthemaximuelementspromisingpermanencewhich inthepresent representstheoverthrowofthepresent representsthefuture andthatisproletarianmorality 5 ParaTwoButwhenweseethatthethreeclassesofmodrensociety thefeudalaristocracy thebourgeoisieandtheproletariat eachhaveamoralityoftheirown wecanonlydrawoneconclusion thatmen consciouslyorunconsciously derivetheirethicalideasinthelastresort 6 fromthepraciticalrelationsonwhichtheirclasspositionisbased Fromtheeconomicrelationsinwhichtheycarryonproductionandexchange ParaThree Butneverthelessthereisagreatdealwhichthethreemoraltheoriesmentionedabovehaveincommon isthisnotatleastaportionofamoralitywhichisfixedonceandforall 7 thesemoraltheoriesrepresentthreedifferentstagesofthesamehistoricaldevelopment havethereforeacommonhistoricalbackground andforthatreasonalonetheynecessarilyhavemuchincommon Evenmore 8 atsimilarorapproximatelysimilarstagesofeconomicdevelopmentmoraltheoriesmustofnecessitybemoreorlessinagreement Fromthemomentwhenprivateownershipofmovablepropertydeveloped allsocietiesinwhichthisprivateownershipexistedhadtohavethismoralinjunctionincommon Thoushaltnotsteal 9 Doesthisinjunctiontherebybecomeandeternalmoralinjunction Bynomeans Inasocietyinwhichallmotivesforstealinghavebeendoneawaywith 10 inwhichthereforeatverymost 11 onlylunaticswouldeversteal howthepreacherofmoralswouldbelaughedatwhotriedsolemnlytoproclaimtheeternaltruth Thoushaltnotsteal 12 ParaFour Wethereforerejecteveryattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogmawhatsoeverasaneternl ultimateandforeverimmutableethicallawonthepretextthat 13 themoralworld too hasitspermanentprincipleswhichstandabovehistoryandthedifferencesbetweennations Wemaintainonthecontrarythatallmoraltheorieshavebeenhithertotheproduct inthelastanalysis oftheeconomicconditionsofsocietyobtainingatthetime Andassocietyhashithertomovedinclassantagonisms moralityhasalwaysbeenclassmorality ithaseitherjustifiedthedominationandtheinterestsofrulingclass oreversincetheoppressedclassbecamepowerfulenough ithasrepresenteditsindignationagainstthisdominationandthefutureinterestsoftheoppressed Thatinthisprocesstherehasonthewholebeenprogressinmorality asinallotherbranchesofhumanknowledge noonewilldoubt 14 Butwehavenotyetpassedbeyondclassmorality Areallyhumanmoralitywhichstandsaboveclasantagonismsandaboveanyrecollectionofthembecomespossibleonlyatastageofsocietywhichhasnotonlyovercomeclassantagonismsbuthasevenforgottentheminpracticallife AndnowonecangaugeHerrDuhring spresumptioninadvancinghisclaim fromthemidstoftheoldclasssocietyandontheeveofasocialrevolution toimposeonthefutureclasslesssocietyandeternalmoralityindependentoftimeandchangesinreality 15 Evenassuming whatwedonotknowuptonow thatheunderstandsthestructureofthesocietyofthefutureatleastinitsmainoutlines X MoralityandLawEquality excerpt ParaOne ButeventhoughwehavefinishedwithHerrDuhrings sshallow botchedtreatmentoftheideaofequality thisdoesnotmeanthatwehavefinishedwiththeideaitself whichespeciallythankstoRousseau 16法国 卢梭 playedatheoretical andduringandsincethegreatrevolutionapracticalpoliticalrole andeventodaystillplaysanimportantagitationalroleinthesocialistmovementofalmosteverycountry Theestablishmentofitsscientificcontentwillalsodetermineitsvalueforproletarianagitation ParaTwo Theideathatallmen asmen havesomethingincommon andthattothatextenttheyareequal isofcourseprimeval Butthemoderndemandforequalityissomethingentirelydifferentfromthat thisconssistsratherindeducingfromthatcommonqualityofbeinghuman fromthatequalityofmenasmen aclaimtoequalpoliticalandsocialstatusforallhumanbeings oratleastforallitizensofastateorallmembersofaociety Beforethatoriginalconceptionofrelativeequalitycouldleadtotheconclusionthatmenshouldhaveequalrightsinthestateandinsociety beforethatconclusioncouldevenappeartobesomethingnaturalandself evident thousandsofyearshadtopassanddidpass 17 Inthemostancient primitivecommunities equalityofrightscouldapplyatmosttomembersofthecommunity women slavesandforeignerswereexcludedfromthisequalityasamatterofcourse AmongtheGreeksandRomanstheinequlitiesofmenwereofmuchgreaterimportancethattheirequlityinanyrespect ItwouldnecessarilyhaveseemedinsanitytotheancientsthatGreeksandbarbarians freemenandslaves citizensandperegrines RomancitizensandRomansubjects touseacomprehensiveterm 18 shouldhaveaclaimtoequalpoliticalstatus UndertheRomanEmpireallthesedistinctionsgraduallydisappeared exceptthedisctinctionbetweenfreemenandslaves andinthiswaytherearose forthefreemenatleast thatequlityasbetweenprivateindividualsonthebasisofwhichRomanlawdeveloped 19 themostcompleteelaborationoflawbasdonprivatepropertywhichweknow Butsolongastheantithesisbetweenfreemenandslavesexisted therecouldbenotalkofdrawinglegalconclusionsfromgeneralequalityofmen wesawthisevenrecently intheslave owningstatesoftheNorthAmericalUnion ParaThree Christianityknewonlyonepointinwhichallmenwereequal thatallwereequallyborninoriginalsin whichcorrespondedperfectlytoitscharacterasthereligionoftheslavesandtheoppressed 20 Apartfromthisitrecongnized atmosttheequalityoftheelect 21 whichhoweverwasonlystressedattheverybeginning Thetracesofcommunityofgoodswhicharealsofoundintheearlystagesofthenewreligioncanbeascribedtosolidarityamongtheproscribedratherthantorealequalitarianideas WithinaveryshorttimetheestablishmentofthedistinctionbetweenpriestsandlaymenputanendeventothisincipientChristianequality theoverrunningofWesternEuropebytheGermansabolishedforcenturiesallideasofequality throughthegradualbuildingupofsuchacomplicatedsocialandpoliticalhierarchyashadneverexistedbefore ButatthesametimetheinvasiondrewWesternandCentralEuropeintothecourseofhistoricaldevelopment createdforthefirsttimeacompactculturalarea andwithinthisareaalsoforthefirsttimeasystemofpredominantlynationalstatesexertingmutualinfluenceoneachotherandmutuallyholdiongeachotherincheck 22 Therebyitpreparedthegroundonwhichalonethequestionoftheequalstatusofmen oftherightsofman couldatalaterperiodberaised ParaFour ThefeudalMiddleagesalsodevelopedintheirwombtheclasswhichwasdestined inthecourseofitsfurtherdevelopment tobecomethestandard bearer 23 ofthemoderndemandforequality thebourgeoisie Originallyitselfafeudalestate thebourgeoisiedevelopedthepredominantlyhandicraftindustryandtheexchangeofproductswithinfeudalsocietytoarelativelyhighlevel whenattheendofthefifteenthcenturythegreatmaritimediscoveriesopenedtoitanewcareerofwiderscope TradebeyondtheconfinesofEurope whichhadpreviouslybeencarriedononlybetweenItalyandLevant 24 wasnowextendedtoAmericaandIndia andsoonsurpassedinimportanceboththemutualexchangebetweenthevariousEuropeancountriesandtheinternaltradewithineachindividualcountry AmericangoldandsilverfloodedEuropeandforceditswaylikeadisintegratingelementinto 25 everyfissure rentandporeoffeudalsociety Handicraftindustrycouldnolongersatisfytherisingdemand intheleadingindustriesofthemostadvancedcountriesitwasreplacedbymanufacture ParaFive Butthismightyrevolutionintheconditionsoftheeconomiclifeofsocietywas howerver notfollowedbyanyimmediatecorrespondingchangeinitspoliticalstructure Thepoliticalorderremainedfeudal whilesocietybecamemoreandmorebourgeois Tradeonalargescale thatistosay particularlyinternationaland evenmoreso worldtrade requiresfreeownersofcommoditieswhoareunrestrictedintheirmovementsandassuch 26 enjoyequalrights whomayexchangetheircommoditiesonthebasisoflawsthatareequalforthemall atleastineachparticularplace Thetransitionfromhandicrafttomanufacturepresupposestheexistenceofanumberoffreeworkers freeontheonehandfromthelettersoftheguildandontheotherfromthemeanswherebytheycouldthemselvesutilisetheirlabourpower workerswhocancontractwiththemanufacturerforthehireoftheirlabourpower andhence aspartiestothecontract haverightsequaltohis Andfinallytheequalityandequalstatusofallhumanlabour becauseandinsofarasitishumanlabour 27 founditsunconsciousbutclearestexpressioninthelawofvalueofmodernbourgeoispoliticaleconomy accordingtowhichthevalueofacommodityismeasuredbythesociallynecessarylabourembodiedinit However whereeconomicrelationsrequiredfreedomandequalityofrights thepoliticalsystemopposedthemateverystepwithguildrestrictionsandspecialprivileges Localprivileges differentialduties 28 exceptionallawsofallkindsaffectedintradenotonlyforeignersandpeoplelivinginthecolonies butoftenenoughalsowholecategoriesofthenationalsofthecountryconcerned everywhereandeveranew 29 theprivilegesoftheguildsbarredthedevelopmentofmanufacture Nowherewastheroadclearandthechancesequalforthebourgeoiscompetitors andyetthatthisbesowastheprimeandevermorepressingdemand 30 ParaSix Thedemandforliberationfromfeudalfettersandtheestablishmentofequalityofrightsbytheabolitionoffeudalinequalitieswasboundsoontoassumewiderdimensions oncetheeconomicadvanceofsocietyhadplaceditontheorderoftheday 31 Ifitwasraisedintheinterestsofindustryandtrade itwasalsonecessarytodemandthesameequalityofrightsforthegreatmassofthepeasantrywho ineverydegreeofbondage fromtotalserfdomonwards 32 werecompelledtogivethegreaterpartoftheirlabourtimetotheirgraciousfeudallordwithoutcompensationandinadditiontorenderinnumerableotherduestohimandtothestage ParaSeven Ontheotherhand itwasinevitablethatademandshouldalsobemadefortheabolitionofthefeudalprivileges ofthefreedomfromtaxationofthenobility ofthepoliticalprivilegesoftheseparateestates AndaspeoplewerenolongerlivinginaworldempiresuchastheRomanEmpirehadbeen butinasystemofindependentstatesdealingwitheachotheronanequalfoolingandatapproximatelythesamelevelofbourgioisdevelopment itwasamatterofcoursethatthedemandforequalityshouldassumeageneralcharacterreadingoutbeyondtheindividualstate thatfreedomandequalityshouldbeproclaimedhumanrights AnditissignificantofthespecificallybourgeoischaracterofthesehumanrightsthattheAmericanconstitution thefirsttorecognizetherightsofman inthesamebreathconfirmstheslaveryofthecolouredracesexistinginAmerica classprivilegesareproscribed raceprivilegessanctified 33 ParaEight Asiswellknown however fromthemomentwhenthebourgeoisieemergedfromfeudalburgherdom whenthisestateoftheMiddleAgesdevelopedintoamodernclass itwasalwaysandinevitablyaccompaniedbyitsshadow theproletariat Andinthesamewaybourgeoisdemandsforequalitywereaccompaniedbyproletariandemandsforequality 34 Fromthemomentwhenthebourgeoisdemandfortheabolitionofclassprivilegeswasputforward alongsideitappearedtheproletariandemandfortheabolitionoftheclassesthemselves atfirstinreligiousform leaningtowardsprimitiveChristianity andlaterdrawingsupportfromthebourgeoisequalitariantheoriesthemselves Theproletarianstookthebourgeoisieatitsword 35 equalitymustnotbemerelyapparent mustnotapplymerelytothesphereofthestate butmustalsobereal mustalsobeextendedtothesocial economicsphere AndespeiallysincetheFrenchbourgeoisie fromthegreatrevolutionon broughtcivilequalitytotheforefront theFrenchproletariathasansweredblowforblow 36 withthedemandforsocial economicequality andequalityhasbecomethebattle cryparticularlyoftheFrenchproletariat 37 ParaNine Thedemandforequalityinthemouthoftheproletariathasthereforeadoublemeaning Itiseither aswasthecaseespeciallyattheverystart forexampleinthePeasantWar thespontaneousreactionagainstthecryingsocialinequalities againstthecontrastbetweenrichandpoor thefeudallordsandtheirserfs thesurfeitersandthestarving assuchitissimplyanexpressionoftherevolutionaryinstinct andfindsitsjustificationinthat andinthatonly Or ontheotherhand thisdemandhasarisenasareactionagainstthebourgioisdemandforequlity drawingmoreorlesscorrectandmorefar reachingdemandsfromthisbourgeoisdemand andservingasanagitationalmeansinordertostiruptheworkeragainstthecapitalistswiththeaidofthecapitalists sownassertions andinthiscaseitstandsorfallswithbourgeoisequalityitself 38 Inbothcasestherealcontentoftheproletariandemandforequalityisthedemandfortheabolitionofclasses Anydemandforequalitywhichgoesbeyondthat ofnecessitypassesintoabsurdity Wehavegivenexamplesofthis andshallfindenoughadditionaloneswhenwecometoHerrDuhring sfantasiesofthefuture ParaTen Theideaofequality bothinitsbourgeoisandinitsproletarianform isthereforeitselfahistoricalproduct thecreationofwhichrequireddefinitehistoricalconditionsthatinturnthemselvespresupposealongprevioushistory Itisthereforeanythingbutaneternaltruth Andiftodayitistakenforgratedbythegeneralpublic 39 inonesenseoranother if asMarxsays it alreadypossessesthefixityofapopularprejudice 40 thisisnottheeffectofitsaxiomatictruth buttheeffectofthegeneraldiffusionandthecontinuedappropriatenessoftheideasoftheeighteenthcentury IfthereforeHerrDuhringisablewithoutmoreadotolethisfamoustwomemconducttheireconomicrelationsonthebasisofequlity thisissobecauseitseemsquitenaturaltopopularprejudice AndinfactHerrDuhringcallshisphilosophynaturalbecauseitisderivedsolelyfromthingswhichseemtohimquitenatural Butwhytheyseemnaturaltohimisaquestionwhichofcoursehedoesnotask Exercises 1 Answerthefollowingquestions 1 Whatdomenderivetheirethicalideasfrom 2 AccordingtoEngels whatarethethreegreatgroupsofmoraltheoriesinthemostadvacedEuropeancountries Andwhichonecontainsthemaximumelemetpromisingpermanence 3 Whyisthemoralinjunction Thoushaltnotsteal notaneteurnaltruth 4 Whatisthepretextoftheattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogma 教条 asaneternal ultimateethicallaw 1 Answerthefollowingquestions 5 Whendoesareallyhumanmoralitywhichstandsaboveclassantagonismsandaboveanyrecollectionofthembecomepossible 6 Inwhatsenseareworkersinthecapitalistsystemcalled freeworkers 1 Answerthefollowingquestions 7 HowistheamericanconstitutionsignificantofthespecificallybourgeoischaracterofhumanrightspreachedbytheWestbourgeoisie 8 Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweenthebourgeoisdemandforequalityandtheproletariandemandforequality 2 Decidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse 1 Theproletarianmoralityistrueinthesenseofabsolutefinality 2 TheideaofreallyhumanmoralityisnotinaccordancewithMarxism 3 Rousseauestablishedtescientificcontentoftheideaofequality 4 Inmostancient primitivecommunities everypersonhadrights 5 Romanlawdidnotdevelopuntilthedistinctionbetweenfreemanandslavesdisappeared 2 Decidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse 6 Therightofmanisaveryancientquestion 7 ThoverrunningofWesternEuropebytheGermansabolishedoldideasofequality butatthesametimecreatedthebasefornewideaofequality 8 HerrDuhringcallshisphilosophynaturebecauseofhisshallowandignorance 3 Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow Dispute enlighten alongside transition embody original represent stress exchange background insanity distinction comprehensive primitive 1 Themembersofthetowncouncilforhoursaboutwhethertobuildanewmuseum 2 MyfatherissoproficientinEnglishthatcanreadShakespeareinthe 3 wecanneverthecountry sinterestsforourown 3 Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow 4 thebaldeagletheUnitedstages 5 Thefrequentofweathecaneasilycausepeopletocatchcold 6 Thereisnoappreciablebetweenthetwins 7 Hethepointthatweshouldbepunctual 8 Theneweditionoftheencyclpediamanyimprovements 9 Listentobothsidesandyouwillbe 3 Fillinblankswiththeappropriatewordsgivenbelow 10 Theprincipalgaveaveryexplanationoftheplanfortheconstructionofspiritualcivilization 11 manmadetoolsfromsharpstonesandanimalbones 12 Themurdererwasjudgednotguiltyforreasonsof 13 Iamusedtolisteningtomusicwhenreadingorwriting 14 Webroughtourboatandplayedonthebeach 5 TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese 1 Theconceptionsofgoodandevilhavevariedsomuchfromnationtonationandfromagetoagethattheyhaveoftenbeenindirectcontradictiontoeachother 5 TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese 2 Evenmore atsimilarorapproximatelysimilarstagesofeconomicdevelopmentmoraltheoriesmustofneccesitybemoreorlessinagreement Fromthemomentwhenprivateownershipofmovablepropertydeveloped allsocientiesinwhichthisprivateownershipexistedhadtohavethismoralinjunctionincommon Thoushaltnotsteal 5 TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese 3 Wethereforerejecteveryattempttoimposeonusanymoraldogmawhatsoeverasaneternl ultimateandforeverimmutableethicallawonthepretextthat 13 themoralworld too hasitspermanentprincipleswhichstandabovehistoryandthedifferencesbetweennations Wemaintainonthecontrarythatallmoraltheorieshavebee